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| − | ==Aspergillosis==
| + | [[Aspergillosis]] |
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| − | *Worldwide
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| − | *Common laboratory contaminants
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|<p><center>'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Widely found in nature
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| − | **Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions
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| − | **Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage
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| − | *Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''
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| − | *May cause primary or secondary disease
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| − | **Infection may be acute, chronic or benign
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| − | *Avians:
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| − | **Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
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| − | **Diffuse pneumonic form
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| − | **Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]
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| − | **Spores are inhaled
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| − | **Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
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| − | **The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)
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| − | ***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition
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| − | ***Sometimes convulsions may occur
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| − | ***Resembles Pullorum disease
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| − | **The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Cattle:
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| − | **Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections
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| − | **Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy & Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin
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| − | **Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre
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| − | ***Acute infection causes miliary lesions
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| − | ***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions
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| − | *Horses:
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| − | **[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common
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| − | **Infection can cause abortion
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| − | **May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
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| − | *Dogs, cats and sheep:
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| − | **Infections occur, but infrequently
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| − | **[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected
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| − | **Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs
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| − | **Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats
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| − | {| align="right"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| − | *Humans:
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| − | **Primary and secondary infections
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| − | **[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Ear - Anatomy & Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy & Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected
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| − | **Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients
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| − | *Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
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| − | **White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety
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| − | **Colony colour varies with species
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| − | *Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)
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| − | ***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species
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| − | **Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis
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| − | *Serology:
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| − | **Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper
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| − | *Treatment:
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| − | **Surgery
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| − | **Antifungal drugs
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| − | ***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]
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| − |
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| − | *Pathology:
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| − | **''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
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| − | **Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
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| − |
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| − | {| align="center"
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| − | |<gallery>Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Mycelium aspergillus quink.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus mycelium stained with blue/black Quink'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Mycotic abortion asper 1.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Mycotic abortion asper 2.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Mycotic abortion asper 3.jpg|<center><p>'''Mycotic Abortion caused by Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Nasal Aspergillus.jpg|<center><p>'''Nasal Aspergillus'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
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| − | Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
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| − | |}
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| | ==Blastomycosis== | | ==Blastomycosis== |