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**Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
**Avoid overcrowding and mixing different age groups
**Disinfection of equipment
**Disinfection of equipment
*Caused by very pathogenic ''Streptococcus equi subsp. equi''
*Haemolytic streptococci of Lancefield group C are common inhabitants of the equine nasopharynx
*''[[Streptococcus zooepidemicus]]'' and ''S. equisimilis'' are usually non-pathogenic
*Typically [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|suppurative rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and '''lymphadenitis''' of the lymph nodes of the head and neck that drain the upper respiratory tract, these lymph nodes often rupture and discharge pus 2-3 weeks after the onset of infection
*Infection with ''Streptococcus equi'' occurs after contact with contaminated feed, water bowls or an infected carrier [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horse]]
*Organism remains viable in environment for months
*Possibility of other sources of infection - in pharynx of in-contact dogs?, guttural pouches of persistently infected horses
*Attaches to nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, then mucosa, lymphatics and lymph nodes
*Multiplies extra-cellularly
*Gross pathology
**Initial bilateral nasal discharge, serous becoming purulent
**Catarrhal conjunctivitis may be present
*Less frequently, complications can occur as follows :
**Purulent inflammation may extent to [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouches]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
**Bacteraemia with metastatic abscesses - most often to the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes, less frequently, other organs such as [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], kidney and brain can be involved - '''Bastard strangles'''
**Retropharyngeal abscesses can rupture onto the skin of neck or into the [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch]] resulting in '''guttural pouch empyema or chondroid formation''' - carrier state
**[[Muscles Degenerative - Pathology#Ischaemia|'''Purpura haemorrhagica''']]: an acute vasculitis causing urticaria and extensive oedema of ventrum, head and distal limbs
**[[Larynx Degenerative - Pathology#Laryngeal hemiplegia|Laryngeal hemiplegia]] due to enlarged retropharyngeal lymph nodes
**Compression of cranial nerves
*Interview with Professors Josh Slater and Ken Smith providing an interesting insight into the pathogenesis, prevalence and possible prevention of ''Streptococcus equi'' infections in horses - listen to [http://www.rvc.ac.uk/Review/Podcasts/RVC_Podcast_12.m4a Strangles podcast]
[[Category:Streptococcus species]][[Category:Horse]]
[[Category:Streptococcus species]][[Category:Horse]]