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| − | ==Parvovirus Enteritis== | + | ==[[Parvovirus Enteritis]]== |
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| − | * [[Parvoviridae|Parvovirus]] enteritis is also know as feline infectious enteritis or feline panleucopenia
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| − | * Since a vaccine is available, this disease is now uncommon.
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| − | * Over the last 10/15 years this has been seen primarily in the cat, but it is now also seen [[Intestine Inflammatory - Pathology#Canine Disease|in the dog]].
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| − | ===Clinical===
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| − | * Manifests mainly in cats under 6 months old.
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| − | * Common in groups of unvaccinated cats.
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| − | ** Produces big outbreaks, with [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] and pyrexia.
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| − | * Severe [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]] and [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] occur.
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| − | ** [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] is thin, watery and foul-smelling, and may also be blood-tinged.
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| − | *** Animals usually die despite treatment- die from dehydration.
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| − | * Animals suffer from fever.
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| − | * Pancytopaenia also occures.
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| − | ** White blood cell count drops very low so as to become almost non-existent.
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| − | *** Drops to 1/ml from 10000/ml.
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| − | ** Animals may therefore also die from other infections.
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| − |
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| − | ===Pathology===
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| − | ====Gross====
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| − | * Virus targets crypt cells and lymphoid areas.
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| − | ** Causes [[Intestine Inflammatory - Pathology#Villus Atrophy|villus atrophy]].
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| − | * In the cat, the intestine is thickened, turgid and swollen.
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| − | ** Has a pale, dull and mottled appearance.
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| − | ** The contents are rather dry - this gets worse lower down the gut.
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| − | * Areas of depression in the mucosa can be seen in the upper small bowel.
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| − | ** Due to necrosis of tissue overlying Peyers patch.
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| − | * Lower down in the gut, enteritis is apparent.
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| − | ** Cat- fibrinous.
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| − | ** Dog- haemorrhagic.
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| − | *** Blood in lumen.
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| − | ** Inflammation sometimes doesn't appear very severe.
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| − | * There may be very few lesions
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| − | ** Histology is usually required for diagnosis.
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| − | * A '''radiomimetic virus'''.
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| − | ** Affects all rapidly dividing cells and destroys them.
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| − | *** E.g. epithelium in the base of the crypts of [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] are killed.
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| − |
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| − | ====Histological====
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| − | * The crypt lining cells undergo complete necrosis, but very little inflammation occurs.
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| − | ** Collapse of villous architecture.
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| − | * May be fibrinous exudates on surface of mucosa.
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| − | * The submucosa and lamina propria are not affected and are left intact.
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| − | ** Many [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] in the lamina propria.
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| − | * Cyst-like structures are seen in the deepest parts of the glands of the intestinal mucosa, if the animal survives for more than a few days.
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| − | ** Flattened epithelial cells line these cystic glands.
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| − | *** Are enterocytes trying to repair the damage.
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| − | *** However, animals usually die from dehydration or secondary infection before the mucosa recovers.
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| − | * Inclusion bodies may be seen, but these are very hard to find.
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| − | * May get [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood|lymphocyte]] invasion of mucosa.
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| − | * [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] appear pale and oedematous, and almost aplastic.
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| − | * [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|Bone marrow]] appears pale and fatty looking and is depleted of cells.
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| − | ===Canine Disease===
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| − | * Until 1978 Parvovirus enteriris was totally unknown in dogs.
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| − | * First seen in dogs in Australia.
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| − | ** Apeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the disease seen in the cat.
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| − | ** A new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus.
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| − | *** Viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus.
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| − | ** The canine virus does NOT cause disease in cats.
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| − | * '''Clinical'''
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| − | ** Causes enteritis in young dogs over 6 weeks old.
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| − | ** Causes myocarditis in puppies.
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| − | ** Mainly affects the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].
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| − | * Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives in the environment.
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| − | * Diagnosis:
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| − | ** Look for viral antigen in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test.
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| − | ** Immunoflurescence.
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| − | ** ELISA.
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| − | ** Serology.
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| | ==Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis== | | ==Bacterial septicaemia and enteritis== |