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| | ==[[Liver Failure]]== | | ==[[Liver Failure]]== |
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| − | | + | [[Icterus]] |
| | ===Syndromes in liver failure=== | | ===Syndromes in liver failure=== |
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| − | ====Jaundice (Icterus)====
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| − | *this is a staining of the tissues with bilirubin or bilirubin complexes
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| − | *bile pigments have a strong affinity for elastic tissue and thus the yellowish colour can be easily seen in the sclera and mucous membranes in life and in the aorta at necropsy
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| − | *the serum bilirubion level gives an indication of the degree of icterus
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| − | **dog's normal range is usually below 0.5mg/100ml
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| − | **level is at least 2mg/100ml when jaundice is clinically evident
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| − | =====Causes=====
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| − | *overproduction of bilirubin
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| − | **eg haemolytic crises
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| − | *diffuse [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] disease
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| − | **where there is a decreased uptake, conjugation, and secretion of bilirubin
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| − | *reduced outflow of bile into the gut
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| − | **intrahepatic biliary obstruction eg foreign bodies, tumours, or fibrosis
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| − | =====Classification types=====
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| − | ======Haemolytic jaundice======
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| − | *due to increased red cell destruction
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| − | **results in increased amounts of bilirubin in the reticuloendothelial system
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| − | **the production may be at a rate which exceeds the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and eliminate it
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| − | *most of bilirubin is unconjugated
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| − | *bile pigment is ''not'' excreted in the urine
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| − | **since the [[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary Tract|kidney]] can excrete only the water soluble conjugate
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| − | *diseases
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| − | **''Babesiosis''
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| − | **isoimmune reactions eg newborn foal whose dam has elaborated specific antibody against its red cells
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| − | ======Obstructive jaundice======
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| − | *due to bile duct obstruction
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| − | *accumulation of conjugated bilirubin
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| − | *bile pigment ''is'' excreted in the urine
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| − | *bile pigment will be diminished in the faeces
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| − | *diseases
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| − | **carcinoma involving the head of the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]]
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| − | ======Hepatocellular jaundice======
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| − | two factors are concerned in the production of jaundice following [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cell damage
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| − | *damage to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cells can interfere with the passage of bile along the bile capillaries
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| − | **eg intrahepatic obstruction
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| − | *[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] cell damage may cause failure of conjugation and therefore excretion failure of bile pigment
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| | ====Photosensitisation==== | | ====Photosensitisation==== |