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Created page with '====Jaundice (Icterus)==== *this is a staining of the tissues with bilirubin or bilirubin complexes *bile pigments have a strong affinity for elastic tissue and thus the yellow…'
====Jaundice (Icterus)====
*this is a staining of the tissues with bilirubin or bilirubin complexes
*bile pigments have a strong affinity for elastic tissue and thus the yellowish colour can be easily seen in the sclera and mucous membranes in life and in the aorta at necropsy
*the serum bilirubion level gives an indication of the degree of icterus
**dog's normal range is usually below 0.5mg/100ml
**level is at least 2mg/100ml when jaundice is clinically evident
=====Causes=====
*overproduction of bilirubin
**eg haemolytic crises
*diffuse [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] disease
**where there is a decreased uptake, conjugation, and secretion of bilirubin
*reduced outflow of bile into the gut
**intrahepatic biliary obstruction eg foreign bodies, tumours, or fibrosis
=====Classification types=====
======Haemolytic jaundice======
*due to increased red cell destruction
**results in increased amounts of bilirubin in the reticuloendothelial system
**the production may be at a rate which exceeds the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and eliminate it
*most of bilirubin is unconjugated
*bile pigment is ''not'' excreted in the urine
**since the [[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary Tract|kidney]] can excrete only the water soluble conjugate
*diseases
**''Babesiosis''
**isoimmune reactions eg newborn foal whose dam has elaborated specific antibody against its red cells
======Obstructive jaundice======
*due to bile duct obstruction
*accumulation of conjugated bilirubin
*bile pigment ''is'' excreted in the urine
*bile pigment will be diminished in the faeces
*diseases
**carcinoma involving the head of the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]]
======Hepatocellular jaundice======
two factors are concerned in the production of jaundice following [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cell damage
*damage to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cells can interfere with the passage of bile along the bile capillaries
**eg intrahepatic obstruction
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] cell damage may cause failure of conjugation and therefore excretion failure of bile pigment
[[Category:Liver_-_General_Pathology]]
*this is a staining of the tissues with bilirubin or bilirubin complexes
*bile pigments have a strong affinity for elastic tissue and thus the yellowish colour can be easily seen in the sclera and mucous membranes in life and in the aorta at necropsy
*the serum bilirubion level gives an indication of the degree of icterus
**dog's normal range is usually below 0.5mg/100ml
**level is at least 2mg/100ml when jaundice is clinically evident
=====Causes=====
*overproduction of bilirubin
**eg haemolytic crises
*diffuse [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] disease
**where there is a decreased uptake, conjugation, and secretion of bilirubin
*reduced outflow of bile into the gut
**intrahepatic biliary obstruction eg foreign bodies, tumours, or fibrosis
=====Classification types=====
======Haemolytic jaundice======
*due to increased red cell destruction
**results in increased amounts of bilirubin in the reticuloendothelial system
**the production may be at a rate which exceeds the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and eliminate it
*most of bilirubin is unconjugated
*bile pigment is ''not'' excreted in the urine
**since the [[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Upper Urinary Tract|kidney]] can excrete only the water soluble conjugate
*diseases
**''Babesiosis''
**isoimmune reactions eg newborn foal whose dam has elaborated specific antibody against its red cells
======Obstructive jaundice======
*due to bile duct obstruction
*accumulation of conjugated bilirubin
*bile pigment ''is'' excreted in the urine
*bile pigment will be diminished in the faeces
*diseases
**carcinoma involving the head of the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]]
======Hepatocellular jaundice======
two factors are concerned in the production of jaundice following [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cell damage
*damage to [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] cells can interfere with the passage of bile along the bile capillaries
**eg intrahepatic obstruction
*[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|Liver]] cell damage may cause failure of conjugation and therefore excretion failure of bile pigment
[[Category:Liver_-_General_Pathology]]