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| − | ====Nematodes==== | + | ====[[Liver Nematodes]]==== |
| − | *these cause damage during migration through the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
| + | * |
| − | =====Ascaris suum=====
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| − | *Ascariasis
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| − | *''''milk spot' liver'''
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| − | *pigs
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| − | *common incidental finding at post mortem examination
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| − | *affected [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|livers]] are condemned at meat inspection
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| − | ======Gross======
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| − | *initial haemorrhagic tracts through the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] attributed to the migration of ascarid larvae
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| − | *later stages show fibrosis of these tracts as poorly defined, diffuse, white spots on the capsular surface
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| − | ======Microscopically======
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| − | *initial haemorrhage and necrosis of parenchyma along the tracts
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| − | *later repair by fibrous tissue at foci
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| − | *inflammatory cell response contains many [[Eosinophils - WikiBlood|eosinophils]], as well as [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood|lymphocytes]] and [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]]
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| − | | |
| − | =====Strongyles=====
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| − | *horses | |
| − | *it is common to find fibrous tags incidentally on the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] surface and adjacent diaphragm
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| − | *these are remnants of fibrous repair following the egress of the parasites from the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
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| − | | |
| | ====Cestodes==== | | ====Cestodes==== |
| | *tapeworms | | *tapeworms |
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| | **white or yellow foci are visible on the surface | | **white or yellow foci are visible on the surface |
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| − | == Peliosis hepatica ==
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| − |
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| − | *Dogs and cats
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| − | *Vasculoproliferative disorder – cystic, blood filled spaces in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] , surrounded by fibromyxoid matrix containing inflammatory cells and dilated capillaries.
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| − | *Spaces may merge with hepatic sinuosoids.
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| − | *May be associated with Bartonella henselae infection.
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| − | *Natural host is the cat
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| − | *Transmitted between cats by fleas
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| − | *Cause of cat-scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis in humans
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| − |
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| − | == Lobular dissecting hepatitis ==
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| − |
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| − | *Rare cause of chronic [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure in young dogs
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| − | *Less than 5yrs of age
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| − | *Standard poodle overrepresented
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| − | *Gross findings:
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| − | **Micronodular microhepatica, ascites, numerous portosystemic shunts
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| − | *Histology:
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| − | **Hepatic architecture disrupted by collagen and reticulin fibres separating the hepatic lobules into small clusters and individual cells
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| − | **Hepatocytes mutlifocally swollen, lightly eosinophilic, some binucleated.
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| − | **Variable nodular regeneration.
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| − | **Scattered necrotic cells and occasional foci of inflammation.
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| − | *Cu2+ accumulation not a consistent finding.
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| − | *Aetiology – possibly a specific reaction pattern in neonatal/juvenile [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] .
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| − | *Differentials:
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| − | **Copper toxicity
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| − | **Copper storage disease
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| − | **Aflatoxin
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| − | **Infectious diseases such as Leptospria spp. and CAV-1.
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| − |
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| − | == Hepatitis in cats ==
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| − |
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| − | *2 main types
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| − | **cholangiohepatitis
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| − | ***cholangitis
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| − | ***periportal hepatocellular necrosis
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| − | ***neutrophils in the portal areas
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| − | ***acute or chronic.
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| − | ***Usually male, pure bred
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| − | *** Cats more ill than lymphocytic portal hepatitis.
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| − | ***Higher ALT and serum bilirubin levels.
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| − | **Lymphocytic portal hepatitis
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| − | ***infiltration of portal areas with lymphocytes and plasma cells
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| − | ***no cholangitis
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| − | ***no periportal hepatocellular necrosis.
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