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Created page with '===Classification=== [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=1262 Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis from Cornell Veterinary Medicine] *Usually '''secondary'''…'
===Classification===
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=1262 Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
*Usually '''secondary''' to other abdominal pathology but may be '''primary'''
*'''Localised''' or '''diffuse'''
*'''Acute''' (increased fluid in abdominal cavity and roughening of serosal surface of abdominal organs and [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|parietal peritoneum]]) or '''chronic''' (fibrous adhesions involving any of abdominal organs and omentum/mesentery/[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneum]])
*'''Septic''' or '''non-septic'''
*Types of exudate
**'''Sero-fibrinous''' e.g. Glasser’s disease (''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'') in pigs
**'''Fibrinopurulent''' e.g. after gut rupture, systemic infection ([[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|pasteurellosis in sheep]])
**'''Purulent''' e.g. [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] in foals
**'''Haemorrhagic''' e.g. splenic rupture
**'''Granulomatous''' e.g. ''[[:Category:Nocardia species|Nocardia]]'' in dogs
===Causes of peritonitis===
====Chemical====
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=3048 Image of bile stained peritonitis in a cat from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
e.g.:
*Bile
*Urine
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|Pancreatic enzymes]] ([[Pancreatic Necrosis, Acute|acute pancreatic necrosis]])
*Barium if allowed to leak into peritoneal cavity (causes potentially fatal haemorrhagic peritonitis)
*Surgical glove powder (granulomatous peritonitis)
*Chyle (mild granulomatous serositis)
====Bacterial====
[[Image:Tubeculous peritonitis.jpeg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center> Tuberculous peritonitis with phagocytosis of lymphocytes (Sourced from Bristol Biomed with permission)</center></small>]]
e.g.:
*Penetrating wound
*Gut rupture
*Surgery
*Inflammatory focus e.g. abscess, bacteraemia
*Umbilicus
*Gangrenous intestine or uterus prior to rupture
====Viral====
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=11598 Image of FIP by Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
e.g.
*[[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|Feline infectious peritonitis]] - in “wet” (effusive) form, sero-fibrinous fluid with high protein (Ig content), tags of fibrin attach to [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneum]] and organs
====Parasites====
e.g.
*Strongyle migration in horses
*[[Trematodes|Fasciola hepatica]] - lesions around [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
*See [[Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic - Pathology|Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic]]
===Sequelae to peritonitis===
*Hypermotility initially → hypomotility
**Ileus - reduces distribution of exudates by intestinal motility
**Fibrinous adhesions may develop
*Impaired CV function and acid-base imbalance
**Due to sequestration of fluid and protein in exudate, hypomotile gut, bacterial exo/endotoxins absorbed directly from [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]] and causing vascular permeability, loss of intestinal absorption
*May resolve, become chronic-active or lead to adhesions.
===In dogs===
*Fibrinohaemorrhagic peritonitis in infectious canine hepatitis
*Septic peritonitis caused by various agents, often [[Escherichia coli|''Escherichia coli'']] and anaerobic bacteria through perforation of the gut, rupture of [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|urinary bladder]] or an abscess
*Putrid peritonitis in uterine rupture with pyometra or septic metritis
*''[[:Category:Nocardia|Nocardia]]'' infection reults in profuse pink/red fluid due to blood and chronic inflammatory cells
*Granulomatous peritonitis caused by [[Fungi|fungi]], ''[[:Category:Nocardia|Nocardia]]'' and ''[[:Category:Actinomyces|Actinomyces]]''
===In cats===
*Putrid peritonitis in uterine rupture due to pyometra or fetal putrefaction
*Peritonitis due to penetrating wounds
*Septic peritonitis due to anaerobes in cat bite abscesses
*Serous peritonitis in cats with [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|feline infectious peritonitis]] especially in the wet form but exudate occurs also in the dry form
**Viscous, clear, pale to deep yellow fluid, may contain strands of fibrin
===In horses===
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=6111 Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis in a horse from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
*Diffuse acute peritonitis often fatal
*Mostly caused by rupture of [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] or intestine
*In foals purulent peritonitis may be caused by [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] or fibrinous peritonitis by ''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]''
*Haemorrhage as a consequence of castration may result in acute non-septic
*Secondary to [[Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic - Pathology|verminous lesions]]
===In cattle===
*Perforation of an abdominal organ, usually [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]] or [[[[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], results in acute diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis or local acute and chronic, with adhesions
*[[Traumatic Reticulitis|Traumatic reticuloperitonitis]] (hardware disease) may evolve into reticulopericarditis
*Local chronic peritonitis, abscesses containing usually ''[[Actinomyces pyogenes]]''
*Fibrinopurulent peritonitis through umbilical infection in calves
*Fibrinous peritonitis in calves with septicaemic colibacillosis
*Serofibrinous peritonitis in sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
*Diffuse fibrinohaemorrhagic peritonitis in clostridial haemoglobinuria
*Localised peritonitis in [[Septicaemia and Enteritis, Bacterial|clostridial enterotoxaemia]] ([[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|''Clostridium perfringens'' types B and C]] and braxy)
===In sheep===
*Fibrinopurulent peritonitis in postpartum septic metritis
*Serofibrinous peritonitis in diseases caused by [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']]
*In penetration of intestines by larvae of [[Strongyloidea|''Oesophagostomum columbianum'']]
===In goats===
*Acute fibrinous peritonintis caused by [[Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides|''Mycoplasma mycoides'']]
===In pigs===
*Diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis in infections by ''[[Actinomyces pyogenes]]'', [[Escherichia coli|''Escherichia coli'']] or other organisms
*Serofibrinous peritonitis in Glasser’s disease ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'' or [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] or septicaemias caused by ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' type 2
*Acute gelatinous haemorrhagic peritonitis in [[Bacillus anthracis|Anthrax]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity - Inflammatory Pathology]]
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=1262 Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
*Usually '''secondary''' to other abdominal pathology but may be '''primary'''
*'''Localised''' or '''diffuse'''
*'''Acute''' (increased fluid in abdominal cavity and roughening of serosal surface of abdominal organs and [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|parietal peritoneum]]) or '''chronic''' (fibrous adhesions involving any of abdominal organs and omentum/mesentery/[[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneum]])
*'''Septic''' or '''non-septic'''
*Types of exudate
**'''Sero-fibrinous''' e.g. Glasser’s disease (''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'') in pigs
**'''Fibrinopurulent''' e.g. after gut rupture, systemic infection ([[:Category:Pasteurella and Mannheimia species|pasteurellosis in sheep]])
**'''Purulent''' e.g. [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] in foals
**'''Haemorrhagic''' e.g. splenic rupture
**'''Granulomatous''' e.g. ''[[:Category:Nocardia species|Nocardia]]'' in dogs
===Causes of peritonitis===
====Chemical====
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=3048 Image of bile stained peritonitis in a cat from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
e.g.:
*Bile
*Urine
*[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|Pancreatic enzymes]] ([[Pancreatic Necrosis, Acute|acute pancreatic necrosis]])
*Barium if allowed to leak into peritoneal cavity (causes potentially fatal haemorrhagic peritonitis)
*Surgical glove powder (granulomatous peritonitis)
*Chyle (mild granulomatous serositis)
====Bacterial====
[[Image:Tubeculous peritonitis.jpeg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center> Tuberculous peritonitis with phagocytosis of lymphocytes (Sourced from Bristol Biomed with permission)</center></small>]]
e.g.:
*Penetrating wound
*Gut rupture
*Surgery
*Inflammatory focus e.g. abscess, bacteraemia
*Umbilicus
*Gangrenous intestine or uterus prior to rupture
====Viral====
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=11598 Image of FIP by Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
e.g.
*[[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|Feline infectious peritonitis]] - in “wet” (effusive) form, sero-fibrinous fluid with high protein (Ig content), tags of fibrin attach to [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneum]] and organs
====Parasites====
e.g.
*Strongyle migration in horses
*[[Trematodes|Fasciola hepatica]] - lesions around [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
*See [[Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic - Pathology|Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic]]
===Sequelae to peritonitis===
*Hypermotility initially → hypomotility
**Ileus - reduces distribution of exudates by intestinal motility
**Fibrinous adhesions may develop
*Impaired CV function and acid-base imbalance
**Due to sequestration of fluid and protein in exudate, hypomotile gut, bacterial exo/endotoxins absorbed directly from [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneal cavity]] and causing vascular permeability, loss of intestinal absorption
*May resolve, become chronic-active or lead to adhesions.
===In dogs===
*Fibrinohaemorrhagic peritonitis in infectious canine hepatitis
*Septic peritonitis caused by various agents, often [[Escherichia coli|''Escherichia coli'']] and anaerobic bacteria through perforation of the gut, rupture of [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|urinary bladder]] or an abscess
*Putrid peritonitis in uterine rupture with pyometra or septic metritis
*''[[:Category:Nocardia|Nocardia]]'' infection reults in profuse pink/red fluid due to blood and chronic inflammatory cells
*Granulomatous peritonitis caused by [[Fungi|fungi]], ''[[:Category:Nocardia|Nocardia]]'' and ''[[:Category:Actinomyces|Actinomyces]]''
===In cats===
*Putrid peritonitis in uterine rupture due to pyometra or fetal putrefaction
*Peritonitis due to penetrating wounds
*Septic peritonitis due to anaerobes in cat bite abscesses
*Serous peritonitis in cats with [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|feline infectious peritonitis]] especially in the wet form but exudate occurs also in the dry form
**Viscous, clear, pale to deep yellow fluid, may contain strands of fibrin
===In horses===
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=6111 Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis in a horse from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
*Diffuse acute peritonitis often fatal
*Mostly caused by rupture of [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] or intestine
*In foals purulent peritonitis may be caused by [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] or fibrinous peritonitis by ''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]''
*Haemorrhage as a consequence of castration may result in acute non-septic
*Secondary to [[Peritoneal Cavity Parasitic - Pathology|verminous lesions]]
===In cattle===
*Perforation of an abdominal organ, usually [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]] or [[[[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], results in acute diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis or local acute and chronic, with adhesions
*[[Traumatic Reticulitis|Traumatic reticuloperitonitis]] (hardware disease) may evolve into reticulopericarditis
*Local chronic peritonitis, abscesses containing usually ''[[Actinomyces pyogenes]]''
*Fibrinopurulent peritonitis through umbilical infection in calves
*Fibrinous peritonitis in calves with septicaemic colibacillosis
*Serofibrinous peritonitis in sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis
*Diffuse fibrinohaemorrhagic peritonitis in clostridial haemoglobinuria
*Localised peritonitis in [[Septicaemia and Enteritis, Bacterial|clostridial enterotoxaemia]] ([[:Category:Enteropathogenic and Enterotoxaemic Clostridia|''Clostridium perfringens'' types B and C]] and braxy)
===In sheep===
*Fibrinopurulent peritonitis in postpartum septic metritis
*Serofibrinous peritonitis in diseases caused by [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']]
*In penetration of intestines by larvae of [[Strongyloidea|''Oesophagostomum columbianum'']]
===In goats===
*Acute fibrinous peritonintis caused by [[Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides|''Mycoplasma mycoides'']]
===In pigs===
*Diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis in infections by ''[[Actinomyces pyogenes]]'', [[Escherichia coli|''Escherichia coli'']] or other organisms
*Serofibrinous peritonitis in Glasser’s disease ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'' or [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma'']] or septicaemias caused by ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' type 2
*Acute gelatinous haemorrhagic peritonitis in [[Bacillus anthracis|Anthrax]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity - Inflammatory Pathology]]