Changes

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

All horses may be affected but most are less than five years old. Disease commonly occurs in late winter or early spring. A history of an unthrifty or 'poor do-ing' young horse combined with identifcation of larvae in faeces may arouse clinical suspicion of cyathostomosis.

All horses may be affected but most are less than five years old. Disease commonly occurs in late winter or early spring. A history of an unthrifty or 'poor do-ing' young horse combined with identifcation of larvae in faeces may arouse clinical suspicion of cyathostomosis. Geriatric animals also have an increased susceptibility.

   

   

* Stunted growth

* Stunted growth

* Increased or decreased appetite

* Increased or decreased appetite

Affected horses may show the following abnormalities on haematology and biochemistry:

Affected horses may show the following abnormalities on haematology and biochemistry:

* Hyperglobulinaemia (especially IgG)l

* Hyperglobulinaemia (especially IgG)

* Anaemia

* (Microcytic) anaemia

* Neutrophilia

* Neutrophilia

* Hypoalbuminaemia

* Hypoalbuminaemia

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

Treatment of cyathostomosis is based on intensive anthelmintic medication (fenbendazole and ivermectin) combined with concurrent corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone. Twice-weekly removal of manure from pastures is recommended in order to reduce the number of eggs present.

Treatment is indicated for faecal egg counts > 200 eggs/gram. Cyathostomins are widely resistant to anthelmintics, particularly benzimidazoles. Moxidectin PO is effective against these resistant strains and also against encysted larvae.  Refractory cases may benefit from concurrent corticosteroid therapy with prednisolone. Twice-weekly removal of manure from pastures is recommended.  

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==