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→Clinical Disease=
The larvae of ''U. stenocpehala'' require moist conditions for development to the L3 stage and clinical disease is reported most frequently in dogs kept in wet confined conditions where larvae build up to high levels. Common situations include grass runs, wet concrete pens (especially if the surface is very pitted and able to retain moisture) and in areas contaminated by foxes which also act as definitive hosts. Certain groups of dogs are therefore particularly affected, including '''greyhounds''' in densely-populated racing kennels, '''fox hounds''', '''sheepdogs''' and dogs in '''rural environments'''. Since eggs also require warmth for development, most infections are also seen in summer.
The larvae of ''U. stenocpehala'' require moist conditions for development to the L3 stage and clinical disease is reported most frequently in dogs kept in wet confined conditions where larvae build up to high levels. Common situations include grass runs, wet concrete pens (especially if the surface is very pitted and able to retain moisture) and in areas contaminated by foxes which also act as definitive hosts. Certain groups of dogs are therefore particularly affected, including '''greyhounds''' in densely-populated racing kennels, '''fox hounds''', '''sheepdogs''' and dogs in '''rural environments'''. Since eggs also require warmth for development, most infections are also seen in summer.
==Clinical Disease===
==Clinical Disease==
Since adult worms are mucosal plug feeders, anaemia is not usually a feature of infection with ''U. stenocephala'' and most infections are asymptomatic. Where clinical signs are seen, the follwoing patterns may be expected:
Since adult worms are mucosal plug feeders, anaemia is not usually a feature of infection with ''U. stenocephala'' and most infections are asymptomatic. Where clinical signs are seen, the follwoing patterns may be expected:
*'''[[Protein Losing Enteropathy|Protein-losing enteropathy]]''' caused by loss of protein to adults feeding in the small intestine.
*'''[[Protein Losing Enteropathy|Protein-losing enteropathy]]''' caused by loss of protein to adults feeding in the small intestine.