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*'''Hydrothorax''' causing tachypnoea and dyspnoea if severe. Dullness will be evident on thoracic percussion if a pleural effusion has developed and the heart sounds will be muffled on auscultation.
*'''Hydrothorax''' causing tachypnoea and dyspnoea if severe. Dullness will be evident on thoracic percussion if a pleural effusion has developed and the heart sounds will be muffled on auscultation.
*'''Pericardial effusion''', which may be sufficiently severe to cause cardiac tamponade and right-sided heart failure. The heart sounds will be muffled on auscultation and there may be hepatojugular reflux, a jugular pulse or signs of left-sided forward failure.
*'''Pericardial effusion''', which may be sufficiently severe to cause cardiac tamponade and right-sided heart failure. The heart sounds will be muffled on auscultation and there may be hepatojugular reflux, a jugular pulse or signs of left-sided forward failure.
*In large animals (horses and cattle), it is much more likely that '''ventral oedema''' will be observed in animals with liver failure (causing hypoalbuminaemia) or congestive heart failure.
===Diagnostic Imaging===
===Diagnostic Imaging===
*With ascites, there is a loss of serosal detail due to the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity. This appearance may also occur with large abdominal masses and in emaciated animals.
*With ascites, there is a loss of serosal detail due to the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity. This appearance may also occur with large abdominal masses and in emaciated animals.
*With pleural effusions, the lung lobes are contracted and lobulation is evident. Areas of peripheral radio-opacity should be evident, especially peripherally in the chest.
*With pleural effusions, the lung lobes are contracted and lobulation is evident. Areas of peripheral radio-opacity should be evident, especially peripherally in the chest.
===Cytology===
===Cytology===
[[Category:Effusions]]
[[Category:Effusions]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]
[[Category:Horse]][[Category:Cat]][[Category:Dog]][[Category:Cattle]]