Changes

===Pre-hepatic Jaundice===

===Pre-hepatic Jaundice===

This condition results from increased red blood cell destruction, overwhelming the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and excrete the bilirubin which is released into the plasma.  The majority of the bilirubin is therefore unconjugated and, unlike the conjugated form, this cannot be excreted by the [[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]].  Possible causes of haemolysis and prehepatic jaundice include:

This condition results from increased red blood cell destruction, overwhelming the capacity of the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] to conjugate and excrete the bilirubin which is released into the plasma.  The majority of the bilirubin is therefore unconjugated and, unlike the conjugated form, this cannot be excreted by the [[Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology|kidney]].  Possible causes of haemolysis and prehepatic jaundice include:

*'''Haemolytic bacteria''', including ''Clostridium haemolyticum'' in cattle and '''Leptospires''' in various species.

*'''Haemolytic bacteria''', including ''[[Clostridium haemolyticum]]'' in cattle and [[Leptospira|'''Leptospires''']] in various species.

*'''Haemolytic parasites''', including '''Babesiosis''' in cattle and dogs and ''Mycoplasma haemofelis'' in cats.

*'''Haemolytic parasites''', including '''[[Babesia|Babesiosis]]''' in cattle and dogs and ''[[Mycoplasma haemofelis]]'' in cats.

*'''Immune reactions''' to red blood cells, including:

*'''Immune reactions''' to red blood cells, including:

**'''Neonatal isoerthryolysis''', resulting from the production of antibodies by the dam which are ingested by the neonate in colsotrum and subsequently cause destruction of red blood cells.  Bilirubin is able to cross the immature blood brain barrier and cause direct damage to the neurones of the brain, a phenomenon called '''kernicterus'''.

**'''Neonatal isoerthryolysis''', resulting from the production of antibodies by the dam which are ingested by the neonate in colostrum and subsequently cause destruction of red blood cells.  Bilirubin is able to cross the immature blood brain barrier and cause direct damage to the neurones of the brain, a phenomenon called '''kernicterus'''.

**'''Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia''' or '''immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia'''.

**'''Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia''' or '''immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia'''.

**Destruction of red blood cells of '''lambs fed with bovine colostrum'''.

**Destruction of red blood cells of '''lambs fed with bovine colostrum'''.

*'''Hypophosphataemia''', which may occur in cattle with '''post-parturient haemoglobinuria''', in animals with '''diabetic ketoacidosis''' (DKA) which are rapidly stabilised with insulin and in '''refeeding syndrome'''.

*'''Hypophosphataemia''', which may occur in cattle with '''post-parturient haemoglobinuria''', in animals with '''diabetic ketoacidosis''' (DKA) which are rapidly stabilised with insulin and in '''refeeding syndrome'''.

*'''Inherited defects of red blood cell enzymes''', including phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase.

*'''Inherited defects of red blood cell enzymes''', including phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase.

*'''Microangiopathic damage''' to red blood cells as they pass through narrow or damaged blood vessels, as in '''haemangiosarcomata''', '''disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)''' or '''vasculitis'''.

*'''Microangiopathic damage''' to red blood cells as they pass through narrow or damaged blood vessels, as in '''haemangiosarcomata''', [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|'''disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)''']] or '''[[Vasculitis|vasculitis]]'''.

*'''Oxidative damage''' to red blood cells, caused by '''paracetamol''' in cats, '''onion poisoning''' in dogs and '''copper toxicity''' in many species.  Ingestion of red maple leaves may also cause haemolysis in horses, as may brassicas (such as rape and kale) in cattle and sheep.

*'''Oxidative damage''' to red blood cells, caused by '''paracetamol''' in cats, '''onion poisoning''' in dogs and '''copper toxicity''' in many species.  Ingestion of red maple leaves may also cause haemolysis in horses, as may brassicas (such as rape and kale) in cattle and sheep.