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====Horse====
====Horse====
Although the presentation of a horse with choke may be dramatic, it does not constitute an emergency. The typical sign of choke is dysphagia with regurgitation of food and saliva through the nostrils. Acute onset pain may manifest through alterations in posture such as an arched neck or abducted elbows. The horse may appear anxious, grunt frequently and make repeated attempts to swallow. If the obstruction has led to the accumulation of food material in the oesophagus, a mass may be palpable on the left ventrolateral aspect of the neck. If the condition has become long-standing, foetid breath may be apparent. If accompanied by pyrexia, this may indicate the development of aspiration pneumonia.
Although the presentation of a horse with choke may be dramatic, it does not constitute an emergency. The typical sign of choke is dysphagia with regurgitation of food and saliva through the nostrils. Acute onset pain may manifest through alterations in posture such as an arched neck or abducted elbows. The horse may appear anxious, grunt frequently and make repeated attempts to swallow. If the condition has become long-standing, foetid breath may be apparent. If accompanied by pyrexia, this may indicate the development of aspiration pneumonia.
====Cattle====
====Cattle====
[[Image:Bovimpaction.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Impaction of a bovine oesophagus (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
[[Image:Bovimpaction.gif|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>Impaction of a bovine oesophagus (Courtesy of Alun Williams (RVC))</center></small>]]
Oesophageal obstruction in cattle is a more serious condition than in the horse. Obstruction of the oesophagus leads to failure of eructation of gases from the rumen, which may lead to bloat.
Oesophageal obstruction in cattle is a more serious condition than in the horse. Obstruction leads to failure to eructatate which may lead to bloat.
*May eat a spherical object that obstructs the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] mostly in anterior 1/3rd of [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]] and can often be palpated in live animal.
*
====Dog====
====Dog====
*Small bone may also lodge in [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] if they pass through the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
*Small bone may also lodge in [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] if they pass through the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]].
[[Category:Oesophagus_-_Pathology]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:Dog]]
[[Category:Oesophagus_-_Pathology]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Horse]][[Category:Dog]]
===Diagnosis===
An initial diagnosis of choke in any animal may be suspected if the above clinical signs are present with a history of acute onset pain and access to unsuitable food. If the obstruction has led to the accumulation of food material in the oesophagus, a mass may be palpable on the left ventrolateral aspect of the neck. Confirmation of the diagnosis may be achieved by the inability to pass a nasogastric tube or direct visualisation of the obstruction using endoscopy.