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====Physical Peritonitis====
====Physical Peritonitis====
Substances such as '''barium''' contrast agent may cause inflammation if they are allowed to leak into peritoneal cavity. Barium may cause a potentially fatal haemorrhagic peritonitis. '''Glove powder''' from surgical gloves may incite a granulomatous peritonitis.
====Chemical Peritonitis====
====Chemical Peritonitis====
Chemical peritonitis occurs when irritant fluids effuse or leak into the peritoneal cavity. [[Biliary Tract - Rupture|Rupture of the biliary tract]] results in the leakage of '''bile''' into the abdomen. Initially, this causes few clinical signs but over time, it irritates the visceral and parietal peritoneum and causes them to become inflamed. If the biliary tract is infected at the time of rupture, a septic peritonitis may develop. The parietal peritoneum and abdominal organs are typically stained green by the presence of bile. An image of bile peritonitis in a cat is available [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=3048|here].
Chemical peritonitis occurs when irritant fluids effuse or leak into the peritoneal cavity. [[Biliary Tract - Rupture|Rupture of the biliary tract]] results in the leakage of '''bile''' into the abdomen. Initially, this causes few clinical signs but over time, it irritates the visceral and parietal peritoneum and causes them to become inflamed. If the biliary tract is infected at the time of rupture, a septic peritonitis may develop. The parietal peritoneum and abdominal organs are typically stained green by the presence of bile. An image of bile peritonitis in a cat is available [http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=3048 here].
Rupture of the urinary tract causes '''urine''' to spill into the abdomen producing a '''uroabdomen'''. As with bile, the urine irritates the peritoneum after 48-72 hours and causes inflammation but it is likely that the animal will show marked clinical signs of stranguria, anuria and depression before this time. If the urinary tract is infected at the time of rupture, a septic peritonitis may develop.
Rupture of the urinary tract causes '''urine''' to spill into the abdomen producing a '''uroabdomen'''. As with bile, the urine irritates the peritoneum after 48-72 hours and causes inflammation but it is likely that the animal will show marked clinical signs of stranguria, anuria and depression before this time. If the urinary tract is infected at the time of rupture, a septic peritonitis may develop.
Rupture of other infected tracts (including the urinary tract, reproductive tract and biliary tract) may also cause septic peritonitis.
Rupture of other infected tracts (including the urinary tract, reproductive tract and biliary tract) may also cause septic peritonitis.
In immature animals in whom the '''umbilicus''' has not fully closed, peritonitis may occur due to ascending infections through this structure. Systemic infections may also enter the peritoneal cavity and cause septic peritonitis.
====Viral Peritonitis====
====Viral Peritonitis====
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=11598 Image of FIP by Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
[[File:FIP Punktat.jpg|thumb|Image of the protein-rich effusion produced in cats with FIP<br><small>Copyright Kalumet 2006 Wikimedia Commons]]</small>
The 'wet' or effusive form of [[Feline Infectious Peritonitis|'''feline infectious peritonitis''']] is caused by pyogranulomatous inflammation of the venules of the omentum and aprietal and visceral peritoneum. This vasculitis results in the effusion of sero-fibrinous fluid with a high protein and immunoglobulin content and tags of fibrin attach to the [[Peritoneal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|peritoneum]] and abdominal organs.
====Parasitic Peritonitis====
The migration of large '''stronglyes''' (particularly ''[[Strongylus vulgaria]]'' in the abdominal vasculature of horses may result in intestinal infarction and septic peritonitis. Severe signs of colic are usually the first sign of this syndrome which typically occurs in late winter/early spring.
The migration of the larvae of the '''liver fluke''' [[Fasciola hepatica|''Fasciola hepatica'']] may produce lesions around the liver that subsequently become inflamed producng a localised peritonitis. Sheep and cattle are most commonly infected by this trematode.
See also [[Peritoneal Cavity - Parasitic Pathology|'''Peritoneal Cavity - Parasitic Pathology''']]
===Consequences of Peritonitis===
===Consequences of Peritonitis===
Initially, the GI tract of affected animals is hypermotile but this quickly progresses to hypomotility and paralytic ileus. This hypomotility may be appreciable on auscultation in large animals in which borborygmi should normally be audible.
**Ileus - reduces distribution of exudates by intestinal motility
**Ileus - reduces distribution of exudates by intestinal motility
**Fibrinous adhesions may develop
**Fibrinous adhesions may develop
Diffuse acute septic peritonitis (as caused by [[Rectal Perforation|rectal tears]] or GI rupture) is frequently fatal in horses and affected animals are often euthanased when after a diagnosis is made. Septic peritonitis occurs most commonly due to rupture of the strangulated loops of small intestine or rupture of a stomach distended by fluid refluxed from the duodenum. For an image of acute fibrinous peritonitis in a horse, see[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=6111|here].
Diffuse acute septic peritonitis (as caused by [[Rectal Perforation|rectal tears]] or GI rupture) is frequently fatal in horses and affected animals are often euthanased when after a diagnosis is made. Septic peritonitis occurs most commonly due to rupture of the strangulated loops of small intestine or rupture of a stomach distended by fluid refluxed from the duodenum. For an image of acute fibrinous peritonitis in a horse, see[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=6111|here].
In foals, purulent peritonitis may be caused by generalised [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] infection or fibrinous peritonitis by systemic ''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'' infection.
In foals, purulent or granulomatous peritonitis may be caused by generalised [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus equi'']] infection or fibrinous peritonitis by systemic ''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'' infection.
Haemorrhage as a consequence of castration may result in acute non-septic peritonitis.
Haemorrhage as a consequence of '''castration''' may result in acute non-septic peritonitis.
Peritonitis may also occur secondary to parasitic intestinal infarctions caused by ''[[Strongylus vulgaris]]'' but this is now rare in the UK due to widespread anthelmintic treatment.
Peritonitis may also occur secondary to '''parasitic intestinal infarctions''' caused by ''[[Strongylus vulgaris]]'' but this is now rare in the UK due to widespread anthelmintic treatment.
===Cattle===
===Cattle===
==References==
==References==
The following images are available:
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=1262 Image of acute fibrinous peritonitis from Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
[http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/nst/nst.asp?Fun=Image&imgID=11598 Image of FIP by Cornell Veterinary Medicine]
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