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==Description==
==Description==
'''Glanders''' is a contagious disease caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]. It exists in acute and chronic forms.
'''Glanders''' is a contagious disease caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]. It exists in acute and chronic forms. Animals are infected by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, inhalation or via open wounds. The organism invades mucosa and desseminates to other tissue via the lymphatics.
Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms.
Three forms of the condition have been described; animals will show signs of one or more forms.
*Pulmonary form:
* Pulmonary form:
Small calcified or caseous nodules develop in the lungs, the surrounding tissue becomes inflamed and consolidated. The resulting pneumonia causes respiratory distress and coughing. The nodules frequently degenerate and release their contents into the bronchioles which results in spread of the infection into the upper airways.
Small calcified or caseous nodules develop in the lungs, the surrounding lungs become inflamed and consolidated. The resulting pneumonia causes respiratory distress and coughing. The nodules frequently degenerate to release their contents into the bronchioles which results in spread of the infection into the upper airways.
*Nasal form:
* Nasal form:
Nodules form on the nasal mucosa, nasal septum and nasal turbinates. These break down to become ulcerative with raised irregular borders, the lesions may heal to form chracteristic star shaped scars. A thick mucopurulent discharge is seen at the nostrils. The local lymph nodes are enlarged and as the disease progresses, they become firm and adhere to underlyinig tissues.
Nodules form on the nasal mucosa, nasal septum and nasal turbinates. These break down to become ulcerative with raised irregular borders, the lesions may heal to form chracteristic star shaped scars. A thick mucopurulent discharge is seen at the nostrils. The local lymph nodes are enlarged and as the disease progresses, they become firm and adhere to underlyinig tissues.
* Cutaneous form:
* Cutaneous form:
Nodules form overlying lymph vessles, especially of the extremities and limbs. These nodules rupture to release thick pus which is highly infectious.
Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses.
Carnivores can also be infected by ingestion of infected carcasses.
====Acute====
====Acute====
* Pyrexia
* Pyrexia
* Mucopurulent nasal discharage
* Mucopurulent nasal discharge
* Ulceration of nasal mucosa
* Ulceration of nasal mucosa
* Coughing
* Coughing
Other diagnostic tests include an Elisa, complement fixation and culture of the orgamism from exudative lesions.
Other diagnostic tests include an Elisa, complement fixation and culture of the orgamism from exudative lesions.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
There is no vaccine available. Prevention and control focuses on prompt detection and slaughter of infected animals and complete quarantine and disinfection of the affected premises.
There is no vaccine available. Prevention and control focuses on prompt detection and slaughter of infected animals and complete quarantine and disinfection of the affected premises.
==References==
==References==