Changes

Plasma proteins include [[Albumin|albumins]] (prealbumin and albumin) and globulins (alpha, beta and gamma fractions). Albumin is the principal factor in maintaining the oncotic pressure of blood. Antibodies migrate primarily in the gamma fraction. In normal reptiles, total protein (TP) values generally vary between 30–80 g/l; hypoproteinaemia and hyperproteinaemia are usually indicators of disease. Measurement of TP is an important diagnostic test but perhaps more useful is protein electrophoresis which separates the fractions. Ranges for protein electrophoresis are becoming available for bird and non-domestic mammal species.

Plasma proteins include [[Albumin|albumins]] (prealbumin and albumin) and globulins (alpha, beta and gamma fractions). Albumin is the principal factor in maintaining the oncotic pressure of blood. Antibodies migrate primarily in the gamma fraction. In normal reptiles, total protein (TP) values generally vary between 30–80 g/l; hypoproteinaemia and hyperproteinaemia are usually indicators of disease. Measurement of TP is an important diagnostic test but perhaps more useful is protein electrophoresis which separates the fractions. Ranges for protein electrophoresis are becoming available for bird and non-domestic mammal species.

===Hypoproteinaemia===

===Hypoproteinaemia===

Hypoproteinaemia is often associated with malnutrition. Other causes include blood loss, gastrointestinal problems, chronic hepatopathies or chronic [[Lizard and Snake Renal Disease|renal disease]].  Physiological increases, primarily a hyperglobulinaemia, may occur in healthy female reptiles in active folliculogenesis due to the presence of the yolk precursor, vitellin, in the blood.  Following ovulation the protein level returns to normal. Pathological increases in TP are usually associated with either dehydration or hyperglobulinaemia related to inflammatory, primarily infectious, disease. Alpha globulins may increase with tissue necrosis and decrease with severe hepatic disease, malnutrition and malabsorption. Beta globulins may increase with [[Lizard and Snake Renal Disease|kidney disease]].

Hypoproteinaemia is often associated with malnutrition. Other causes include blood loss, gastrointestinal problems, chronic hepatopathies or chronic [[Lizard and Snake Renal Disease|renal disease]].  Physiological increases, primarily a hyperglobulinaemia, may occur in healthy female reptiles in active folliculogenesis due to the presence of the yolk precursor, vitellin, in the blood.  Following ovulation the protein level returns to normal. Pathological increases in TP are usually associated with either dehydration or hyperglobulinaemia related to inflammatory, primarily infectious, disease. Alpha globulins may increase with tissue necrosis and decrease with severe hepatic disease, malnutrition and malabsorption. Beta globulins may increase with kidney disease.

===Protein electrophoresis===

===Protein electrophoresis===