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==Clinical signs and features==

==Clinical signs and features==

===Birds===

===Birds===

In avian species the disease manifests as a diffuse infection of the air sacs. Two forms of the disease have been reported; a diffuse pneumonic form and a nodular form involving the lungs. Clinical signs include dyspnoea, diarrhoes, listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition. Seizures and torticollis may occasionally occur if infection disseminates to the brain.

In avian species the disease manifests as a diffuse infection of the air sacs. Two forms of the disease have been reported; a diffuse infection of the air sacs; a diffuse pneumonic form and a nodular form involving the lungs. In chicks and poults the disease is known as 'brooder pneumonia' and may affect many birds in a flock. Animals become infected due to inhalation of spores from contaminated feed or litter. Clinical signs include dyspnoea, diarrhoes, listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition. Seizures and torticollis may occasionally occur if infection disseminates to the brain.

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===Horses===

===Horses===

In the horse, Aspergillus most commonly affects the guttural pouches but infection may also lead to abortion, keratomycosis and rarely pulmonary aspergillosis. Guttural pouch mycosis is characterised by epistaxis as a result of fungal erosion of the internal carotid artery. Other clinical signs include nasal discharge and dysphagia. Mycotic plaques are usually located on the caudodorsal aspect of the medial guttural pouch.

In the horse, Aspergillus most commonly affects the guttural pouches but infection may also lead to abortion, keratomycosis and rarely pulmonary aspergillosis. Guttural pouch mycosis is characterised by epistaxis as a result of fungal erosion of the internal carotid artery. Other clinical signs include nasal discharge and dysphagia. Mycotic plaques are usually located on the caudodorsal aspect of the medial guttural pouch.

===Dogs===

===Dogs===

Aspergillosis is a common cause of nasal disease in dogs. Cases occur most commonly in young to middle aged male dogs, but animals of all age and of both sexes may be affected. Doliocephalic breeds are thought to be overrepresented.  Clinical signs are those seens with any chronic nasal disease and include sneezing, unilateral or bilateral serosanguinous nasal discharge, ulceration of the nares, nasal pain and epistaxis.

Aspergillosis is a common cause of nasal disease in dogs. Cases occur most commonly in young to middle aged male dogs, but animals of all age and of both sexes may be affected. Doliocephalic breeds are thought to be overrepresented.  Clinical signs are those seens with any chronic nasal disease and include sneezing, unilateral or bilateral serosanguinous nasal discharge, ulceration of the nares, nasal pain and epistaxis.

The disease is usually localised to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity but a disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts has been reported in dogs, particularly German Shephards. The disease often involves multiple organ systems including the spleen and kidneys. Clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, haematuria, urinary incontinence and haematuria. The vertebrae are frequently affected and osteomyelitis and discospondlylitis are common features.   

The disease is usually localised to the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity but a disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts has been reported in dogs, particularly German Shephards. The disseminated form of disease often involves multiple organ systems including the spleen and kidneys. Clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, haematuria, urinary incontinence and haematuria. The vertebrae are frequently affected and osteomyelitis and discospondlylitis are common features.   

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