Changes

==Pathogenesis==

==Pathogenesis==

===Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis===

===Feline neonatal isoerythrolysis===

Although feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (FNA) is rare, the mortality associated with it is high. FNI develops when type B blood mothers mate with type A tomcats. Type B cats have naturally occurring anti-A antibodies without prior exposure. FNI affects the A, or AB blood type kitten, born from a B blood type mother by receiving anti-A antibodies when it ingests maternal colostrum.

Although feline neonatal isoerythrolysis (FNA) is rare, the mortality associated with it is high. Cats have two main blood types, type A and type B. Cats with type A red blood cell antigens have weak anti-B antibodies, and cats with type B red blood cell antigens have strong anti-A antibodies. FNI develops when type B blood mothers mate with type A tomcats. FNI affects the type A, kitten, born from a B blood type mother by receiving anti-A antibodies when it ingests maternal colostrum.

===Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis===

===Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis===

===Cats===

===Cats===

In a similar way to affected foals, kittens are born and nurse normally and clinical signs develop within a few hours or days. Clinical signs may include dark red/brown urine, icterus, weakness, anaemia.  

In a similar way to affected foals, kittens are born and nurse normally and clinical signs develop within a few hours or days. Signs may be variable; this has been hypothesised to be due to varying amounts of anti-A antibodies ingested. Clinical signs may include failure to thrive, weakness, dark red/brown urine, icterus, and anaemia.  

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

A blood transfusion should be considered if the anaemia is severe (PCV less than 15%) or the foal is weak and shocked. The best donor of blood for transfusion is the dam, but this means that the serum containing the alloantibodies must be removed ('washing' of the red blood cells). This is achieved by mixing the mare's blood with saline and performing repeated centrifugation. If washed red blood cells from the mare are not available, blood from an acceptable blood-typed donor horse may be used.  

A blood transfusion should be considered if the anaemia is severe (PCV less than 15%) or the foal is weak and shocked. The best donor of blood for transfusion is the dam, but this means that the serum containing the alloantibodies must be removed ('washing' of the red blood cells). This is achieved by mixing the mare's blood with saline and performing repeated centrifugation. If washed red blood cells from the mare are not available, blood from an acceptable blood-typed donor horse may be used.  

==Prevention==

==Prevention==

The disease in horses is prevented by ensuring that mares are blood-typed before being mated. Mares who are negative for the blood antigens known for causing disease (primarily Aa, Qa, Qc and Ua) can be matched to stallions who are also negative.  

The disease in horses is prevented by ensuring that mares are blood-typed before being mated. Mares who are negative for the blood antigens known for causing disease (primarily Aa, Qa, Qc and Ua) can be matched to stallions who are also negative.