Changes

==Overview==

==Overview==

[[Image:Stomach Anatomy 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Stomach Anatomy 1 - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

[[Image:Stomach Anatomy 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Stomach Anatomy 1 - Copyright Nottingham 2008]]

==Vasculature==

==Vasculature==

*Coeliac artery (which is a branch of the dorsal aorta)

Vasculature of the stomach includes the '''coeliac artery''' (which is a branch of the dorsal aorta). The coeliac artery splits into the hepatic artery supplying the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]] and stomach (right gastric and right gastro-epiploic arteries). The coeliac artery also splits into the splenic artery which supplies the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and the stomach (left gastro-epiploic artery), it also splits into the left gastric artery supplying the stomach.

**Coeliac artery splits into the hepatic artery supplying the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]] and stomach (right gastric and right gastro-epiploic arteries)

**Coeliac artery also splits into the splenic artery which supplies the [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]] and the stomach (left gastro-epiploic artery)

**Coeliac artery also splits into the left gastric artery supplying the stomach

 

 

*The numerous veins join the portal vein

The '''gastro-epiploic arteries''' supply the greater curvature of the stomach and the '''gastric arteries''' supply the lesser curvature of the stomach. The numerous veins join the '''portal vein'''.

==Innervation==

==Innervation==

*Sympathetic fibres run with the arteries

'''Sympathetic''' fibres run with the arteries. '''Parasympathetic''' fibres from the '''vagus''' nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) are within the two vagal trunks. In the '''proximal''' region of the stomach, vagal stimulation '''suppresses''' muscular contraction (VIP); In the '''distal''' region, vagal stimulation '''increases''' muscular activity (ACh).

 

*Parasympathetic from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) are within the two vagal trunks

**In the proximal region of the stomach, vagal stimulation suppresses muscular contraction (VIP)  

**In the distal region, vagal stimulation increases muscular activity (ACh)

==Digestive Enzymes==

==Digestive Enzymes==

**E.g. amylase

An inactive zymogen, activated by hydrochloric acid. Active pepsin is produced and completed near the brush border to generate small peptides and individual amino acids. It starts in the stomach and continues into the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].

**Salivary and pancreatic to produce disaccharides

**Disaccharides converted to monosaccharides near brush border

**Cellulases from symbiotic micro-organisms ([[Ruminant Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|ruminant stomachs]])

**Assisted by bile salts which neutralise stomach acids and emulsifies fats

E.g. amylase. Salivary and pancreatic secretions to produce disaccharides. Disaccharides are converted to monosaccharides near  the brush border. Cellulases are formed from symbiotic micro-organisms ([[Ruminant Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology|ruminant stomachs]]).

==Innervation==

===Lipases===

*Control of gastric secretions under hormonal (gastrin), paracrine (histamine) and neural (ACh) mediators in the cephalic and gastric phases

==Control of secretions==

*Gastric secretions inhibited during the intestinal phase by CCK and secretin

The control of gastric secretions is under '''hormonal''' (gastrin), '''paracrine''' (histamine) and '''neural''' (ACh) mediators in the cephalic and gastric phases. Gastric secretions are inhibited during the intestinal phase by CCK and secretin.

*See [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#Control of GIT Secretions|control of secretions]]

For more information, see [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#Control of GIT Secretions|control of secretions]].

==Species Differences==

==Species Differences==

*The size of the non-glandular region in the simple stomach varies between species. It is largest in the horse, pig and then smallest in the dog.

The size of the non-glandular region in the simple stomach varies between species. It is largest in the horse, pig and then smallest in the dog.

[[Image:Margo Plicatus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Equine Stomch with Margo Plicatus - Copyright RVC 2008]]

[[Image:Margo Plicatus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Equine Stomch with Margo Plicatus - Copyright RVC 2008]]

 

===Equine===

===Equine===

*A region called the margo plicatus is present which separates the glandular and non-glandular parts of the equine stomach. The non-glandular area is lined with squamous epithelium (not columnar).

A region called the '''margo plicatus''' is present which separates the glandular and non-glandular parts of the equine stomach. The non-glandular area is lined with squamous epithelium (not columnar).

 

The stomach is relatively small (10% GIT) with a strong '''cardiac sphincter''' which prevents the animal from [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]]. The equine stomach is rarely empty and retention time is short as expulsion into the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] stops when feeding stops. A 500kg horse can produce 30ml of gastric juice in 24 hours.

*The stomach is relatively small (10% GIT) with a strong cardiac sphincter which prevents the animal from [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology#The Vomit Reflex|vomiting]]. The equine stomach is rarely empty and retention time is short as expulsion into the [[Duodenum - Anatomy & Physiology|duodenum]] stops when feeding stops.

 

*A 500kg horse can produce 30ml of gastric juice in 24 hours

===Canine===

===Canine===

*Stomach is of variable size ranging from 0.5 to 6L according to breed.  

The stomach is of variable size ranging from 0.5 to 6L according to breed. A full stomach can touch the [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]]. The Subglandular layer of fibroblasts and collagen fibres are for protection, e.g. from consuming bones. It is between the glands and the lamina muscularis. A 25kg dog can produce 0.5 to 1L gastric juice in 24 hours.

*A full stomach can touch the [[Urinary Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]].

The '''cardia''' is thickened, taking up nearly half the area of the stomach. The '''internal diverticulum''' is present, which can be seen externally.

'''Test yourself with the [[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|Stomach Flashcards]]'''

*The cardia is thickened, taking up nearly half the area of the stomach

Click here for [[Control of Feeding - Anatomy & Physiology|Control of Feeding]].

 

[[Monogastric Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards|Stomach Flashcards]]

 

[[:Category:Stomach and Abomasum - Pathology|Stomach Pathology]]

Click here for [[Stomach - Histology|stomach histology]].

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/canine/Pot0036.mp4 Pot 36 The Canine Abdomen]

2.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/equine/Pony_abdomen.mp4 Lateral View of the Equine Abdomen]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/equine/Pony_abdomen.mp4 Lateral View of the Equine Abdomen]

3.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/left_topography.mp4 Left Sided topography of the Equine abdomen]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/left_topography.mp4 Left Sided topography of the Equine abdomen]

4.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/right_topography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Equine Abdomen]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/Pony/right_topography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Equine Abdomen]

5.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/equine/Pot0039.mp4 Pot 39 The Equine Stomach]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/equine/Pot0039.mp4 Pot 39 The Equine Stomach]

6.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LeftSideTopography.mp4 Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/LeftSideTopography.mp4 Left sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen and Thorax]

7.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Frean/sheep/RightSideTopography.mp4 Right sided topography of the Ovine Abdomen]

8.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/feline/pot0357.mp4 Pot 357 The Feline Abdomen]

[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/feline/pot0357.mp4 Pot 357 The Feline Abdomen]

9.[http://stream2.rvc.ac.uk/Anatomy/swine/Pig_abdomen.mp4 The Porcine Abdomen]

[[Category:Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology]]

[[Category:To Do - A&P]]

[[Category:To Do - AimeeHicks]]