Difference between revisions of "Louping Ill"

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== Introduction  ==
 
  
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This is a viral disease affecting sheep, grouse, hares, deer, elk, small rodents, ticks and humans; therefore the disease is zoonotic. The reservoir host for this disease is hard ticks (''[[Ixodes spp.|Ixodes ricinus]]'') and this is transmitted to the host by saliva when the tick bites. Therefore, spread mirrors seasonal tick activity.
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==== Hosts ====
  
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The virus replicates in [[macrophages]] causing pyrexia and then recovery. The second phase of the virus replication occurs in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and motor nuclei of the brain stem.
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*Sheep
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*Grouse
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*Hares
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*Deer elk
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*Small rodents
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*Ticks (eg. ''Ixodes ricinus'')
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*Man
  
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== Clinical Signs ==
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==== Pathogenesis ====
  
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Signs in sheep include trembling, torticollis, and irregular gait. In grouse, the disease causes them to die of starvation. In humans, signs are flu-like and can be followed by a coma and rarely death. Usually however, recovery is normal.
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*First phase:
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**Pyrexia with virus in '''macrophages'''
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**Recovery
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*Second phase:
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**Second replication in '''Purkinje cells''' of the cerebellum and '''motor nuclei''' of the brain stem
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**Trembling, torticollis, and irregular gait  
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**In grouse: starvation  
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**In man: flu-like symptoms can be followed by coma, but recovery normal
  
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==== Epidemiology ====
  
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== Diagnosis  ==
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*Reservoir host: '''Ticks (''Ixodes ricinus'')'''
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**Passed to host by '''saliva'''
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**Virus can be spread '''between ticks''' when co-feeding on small rodents
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*Spread mirrors seasonal tick activity
  
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Diagnosis is by presence of clinical signs, plus knowledge of tick season. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and histopathology of brain tissue.
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==== Diagnosis ====
  
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*Clinical signs
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*PM: virus isolation and histopathology of brain tissue
  
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== Control ==
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==== Control ====
  
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This can be achieved by dipping sheep in '''acaracides''' to control the vector, the tick. '''Inactivated [[vaccines]]''' in late pregnancy can be used to '''boost maternal antibody'''. Lambs are usually inoculated when over 4 months of age. A vaccine is available in humans for those at risk of the disease.
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*Sheep dipping in '''acaracides''' (vector control)
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*'''Inactivated vaccines''' in late pregnancy can '''boost maternal antibody'''  
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**Lambs inoculated >4 months of age  
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*Human vaccination where at risk
  
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[[Category:Flaviviruses]] [[Category:Sheep_Viruses]] [[Category:Avian Viruses]] [[Category:Zoonoses]] [[Category:Rodents]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]] [[Category:Neurological_Diseases_-_Sheep]]
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== References ==
 
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Bridger, J and Russell, P (2007) '''Virology Study Book''', ''Royal Veterinary College''
 
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Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
 
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{{review}}
 
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{{OpenPages}}
 
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[[Category:Flaviviruses]] [[Category:Sheep_Viruses]] [[Category:Avian_Viruses]] [[Category:Zoonoses]] [[Category:Rodents]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Neurological_Diseases_-_Sheep]]
 

Revision as of 16:59, 24 January 2011


 This article is still under construction.


Hosts

  • Sheep
  • Grouse
  • Hares
  • Deer elk
  • Small rodents
  • Ticks (eg. Ixodes ricinus)
  • Man

Pathogenesis

  • First phase:
    • Pyrexia with virus in macrophages
    • Recovery
  • Second phase:
    • Second replication in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and motor nuclei of the brain stem
    • Trembling, torticollis, and irregular gait
    • In grouse: starvation
    • In man: flu-like symptoms can be followed by coma, but recovery normal

Epidemiology

  • Reservoir host: Ticks (Ixodes ricinus)
    • Passed to host by saliva
    • Virus can be spread between ticks when co-feeding on small rodents
  • Spread mirrors seasonal tick activity

Diagnosis

  • Clinical signs
  • PM: virus isolation and histopathology of brain tissue

Control

  • Sheep dipping in acaracides (vector control)
  • Inactivated vaccines in late pregnancy can boost maternal antibody
    • Lambs inoculated >4 months of age
  • Human vaccination where at risk
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