Difference between revisions of "Joints Inflammatory - Pathology"

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#redirect[[:Category:Arthritis]]
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==Arthritis==
 +
[[Image:Cattle fibrinopurulent arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
[[Image:Cattle suppurative arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Suppurative arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
*Inflammation of intra-articular structures
 +
*In farm animals usually due to infection
 +
*In small animals usually due to non-infectious causes
 +
 
 +
 
 +
*Classification:
 +
**According to number of joints involved - '''polyarthritis'''
 +
**According to type of inflammatory exudate
 +
***'''Serous'''
 +
****Increased synovial fluid production
 +
****Resolves if uncomplicated
 +
***'''Fibrinous'''
 +
****Early stages:
 +
*****Increased and more opaque synovial exudate
 +
*****Enlarged hyperaemic villi
 +
*****Small haemorrhages in synovial membrane
 +
****Later stages:
 +
*****Less exudate
 +
*****Thickend synovial connective tissue
 +
*****Marked villi proliferation (branching in microscopic preparations)
 +
*****Proliferated synovial tissue -> peripheral fibrous tissue attempting repair across defective surface = '''pannus'''
 +
****Mild cases resolve
 +
****More severe cases - residual inflammation remains
 +
****Most severe cases - organising fibrosis +/- ankylosis
 +
***'''Purulent'''
 +
****Usually from haemoatogenous spread e.g. neonatal navel ill
 +
****May extend from adjacent abscesses
 +
****More destructive
 +
****Erosion of articular surfaces to underlying bone
 +
****Forms abscesses
 +
****Possible fistulation to the skin
 +
 
 +
 
 +
*Caused by:
 +
**Trauma
 +
**Infectious organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
 +
**Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
 +
**Immune-mediated disease
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Infectious arthritis==
 +
 
 +
*'''Bacterial arthritis'''
 +
**Most common in food animals, especially young
 +
**Portals of entry include:
 +
***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
 +
***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
 +
***Traumatic inoculation
 +
***Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
 +
 
 +
*'''Viral arthritis'''
 +
**Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
 +
**Synovitis with cartilage destruction
 +
**Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===In Sheep===
 +
 
 +
*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
 +
*Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
 +
*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
 +
 
 +
*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
 +
 
 +
*[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
 +
 
 +
*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
 +
 
 +
*[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
 +
 
 +
===In Pigs===
 +
 
 +
*[[Erysipelas - Pig|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
 +
 
 +
*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''' and [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
 +
 
 +
*'''''[[Haemophilus suis]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'''''
 +
 
 +
*'''''[[Mycoplasma hyosynoviae]]'' and ''M. hyorhinis'''''
 +
 
 +
===In Cattle===
 +
 
 +
*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
 +
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
 +
***Via umbilicus
 +
***Also involves eyes and meninges
 +
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
 +
***Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
 +
***May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
 +
*Infections at any age:
 +
**'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
 +
***Suppurative arthrtis
 +
***Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
 +
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]
 +
***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
 +
***Fibrinous polyarthritis
 +
**[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
 +
***Severe disease in young calves
 +
***High mortality
 +
***Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
 +
***Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
 +
***Possibly due to intrauterine infection
 +
**'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
 +
***Uncommonly localises in joints
 +
***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
 +
 
 +
===In Horses===
 +
 
 +
*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
 +
**'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
 +
**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
 +
**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
 +
**[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===In Goats===
 +
 
 +
*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]
 +
 
 +
===In Dogs===
 +
 
 +
*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
 +
**May cause '''discospondylitis'''
 +
**Destructive inflammatory lesion
 +
**Bacterial localise in ''[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']] -> may spread to local bone
 +
 
 +
==Non-infectious arthritis==
 +
 
 +
*No causative agent has been found
 +
*Seem to be immune-mediated diseases
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Erosive===
 +
 
 +
====Rheumatoid arthritis====
 +
*Occurs in the dog, mainly smaller breeds
 +
*Uncommon
 +
*Progressive erosive polyarthritis
 +
*Mostly involves elbows, stifles, carpal and tarsal joints
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Marked villus hypertrophy of synovial membrane
 +
**Cartilage erosion
 +
**[[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|Pannus and periarticular osteophyte]] formation
 +
**In severe cases ankylosis
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Hyperplasia of lining cells
 +
**Proliferative synovitis
 +
**Synovial membrane has fibrin deposits
 +
**Lymphoid and plasma cell infiltration
 +
**Surrounding haemorrhagic areas
 +
**Macrophages containing [[Pigmentation - Pathology#Haemosiderin|haemosiderin]]
 +
**Connective tissue may contain foci of necrosis
 +
**Areas of erosion of peripheral articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone
 +
*Pathogenesis:
 +
**May involve deposition of immune complexes within joints
 +
**Substances degrading cartilage are released by synovial cells and macrophages involved in pannus formation
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Non-erosive===
 +
 
 +
====Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)====
 +
 
 +
*Occurs in dogs
 +
*Clinical signs:
 +
**Anaemia
 +
**Thrombocytopaenia
 +
**[[Muscles Inflammatory - Pathology#Myositis|Polymyositis]]
 +
**[[Kidney Glomerular Disease - Pathology#Glomerulonephritis|Glomerulonephritis]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====In chronic diseases====
 +
 
 +
*E.g. pyometra, otitis externa, [[Endocarditis|endocarditis]], [[:Category:Intestine - Inflammatory Pathology|enteritis]]
 +
*Can lead to immune complex deposition in joints
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====Gout====
 +
 
 +
*Occurs in humans, reptiles and birds (have no uricase enzyme)
 +
*The urate triggers inflammation
 +
 
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Musculoskeletal System - Pathology]]

Revision as of 12:34, 15 February 2011

Arthritis

Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
Suppurative arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Inflammation of intra-articular structures
  • In farm animals usually due to infection
  • In small animals usually due to non-infectious causes


  • Classification:
    • According to number of joints involved - polyarthritis
    • According to type of inflammatory exudate
      • Serous
        • Increased synovial fluid production
        • Resolves if uncomplicated
      • Fibrinous
        • Early stages:
          • Increased and more opaque synovial exudate
          • Enlarged hyperaemic villi
          • Small haemorrhages in synovial membrane
        • Later stages:
          • Less exudate
          • Thickend synovial connective tissue
          • Marked villi proliferation (branching in microscopic preparations)
          • Proliferated synovial tissue -> peripheral fibrous tissue attempting repair across defective surface = pannus
        • Mild cases resolve
        • More severe cases - residual inflammation remains
        • Most severe cases - organising fibrosis +/- ankylosis
      • Purulent
        • Usually from haemoatogenous spread e.g. neonatal navel ill
        • May extend from adjacent abscesses
        • More destructive
        • Erosion of articular surfaces to underlying bone
        • Forms abscesses
        • Possible fistulation to the skin


  • Caused by:
    • Trauma
    • Infectious organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
    • Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
    • Immune-mediated disease


Infectious arthritis

  • Bacterial arthritis
    • Most common in food animals, especially young
    • Portals of entry include:
      • Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
      • Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
      • Traumatic inoculation
      • Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
  • Viral arthritis
    • Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
    • Synovitis with cartilage destruction
    • Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions


In Sheep

In Pigs

In Cattle

  • Neonatal polyarthritis by:
    • Streptococcus spp.
      • Via umbilicus
      • Also involves eyes and meninges
    • Coliforms
      • Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
      • May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
  • Infections at any age:
    • Corynebacterium pyogenes
      • Suppurative arthrtis
      • Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
    • Mycoplasma spp.
      • May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
      • Fibrinous polyarthritis
    • Chlamydia sp.
      • Severe disease in young calves
      • High mortality
      • Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
      • Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
      • Possibly due to intrauterine infection
    • Brucella abortus
      • Uncommonly localises in joints
      • Usually in carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses

In Horses


In Goats

In Dogs

Non-infectious arthritis

  • No causative agent has been found
  • Seem to be immune-mediated diseases


Erosive

Rheumatoid arthritis

  • Occurs in the dog, mainly smaller breeds
  • Uncommon
  • Progressive erosive polyarthritis
  • Mostly involves elbows, stifles, carpal and tarsal joints
  • Grossly:
  • Histologically:
    • Hyperplasia of lining cells
    • Proliferative synovitis
    • Synovial membrane has fibrin deposits
    • Lymphoid and plasma cell infiltration
    • Surrounding haemorrhagic areas
    • Macrophages containing haemosiderin
    • Connective tissue may contain foci of necrosis
    • Areas of erosion of peripheral articular cartilage and underlying subchondral bone
  • Pathogenesis:
    • May involve deposition of immune complexes within joints
    • Substances degrading cartilage are released by synovial cells and macrophages involved in pannus formation


Non-erosive

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)


In chronic diseases


Gout

  • Occurs in humans, reptiles and birds (have no uricase enzyme)
  • The urate triggers inflammation
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