Difference between revisions of "Arthritis Classification"

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(Created page with "[[Image:Cattle fibrinopurulent arthritis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission...")
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**Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
 
**Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
 
**Immune-mediated disease
 
**Immune-mediated disease
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[[Category:Arthritis]]
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==Infectious arthritis==
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*'''Bacterial arthritis'''
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**Most common in food animals, especially young
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**Portals of entry include:
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***Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
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***Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
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***Traumatic inoculation
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***Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
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*'''Viral arthritis'''
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**Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
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**Synovitis with cartilage destruction
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**Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions
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===In Sheep===
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*[[Retroviridae|'''Maedi visna virus''']]
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*Bacterial infections mostly affects lambs except for Mycoplasmal artheritis
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*[[Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
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*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
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*[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
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*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
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*[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
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===In Pigs===
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*[[Erysipelas - Pig|'''''Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae''''']]
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*'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]''''' and [[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
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*'''''[[Haemophilus suis]]'' and ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]'''''
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*'''''[[Mycoplasma hyosynoviae]]'' and ''M. hyorhinis'''''
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===In Cattle===
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*Neonatal polyarthritis by:
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**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
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***Via umbilicus
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***Also involves eyes and meninges
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**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
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***Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
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***May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
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*Infections at any age:
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**'''''[[Corynebacterium pyogenes]]'''''
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***Suppurative arthrtis
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***Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
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**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|'''''Mycoplasma spp.''''']]
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***May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
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***Fibrinous polyarthritis
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**[[:Category:Chlamydophila species|'''''Chlamydia sp.''''']]
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***Severe disease in young calves
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***High mortality
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***Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
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***Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
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***Possibly due to intrauterine infection
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**'''''[[Brucella abortus]]'''''
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***Uncommonly localises in joints
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***Usually in '''carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses'''
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===In Horses===
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*Arthritis can occur following neonatal infections by:
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**'''''[[Actinobacillus equuli]]'''''
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**[[:Category:Streptococcus species|'''''Streptococcus'' spp.''']]
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**[[Escherichia coli|'''''Coliforms''''']]
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**[[Salmonella|'''''Salmonella''''']]
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===In Goats===
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*[[Caprine Arthrirtis Encephalitis Virus]]
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===In Dogs===
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*[[:Category:Staphylococcus species|'''''Staphylococci''''']]
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**May cause '''discospondylitis'''
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**Destructive inflammatory lesion
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**Bacterial localise in ''[[Joints - Anatomy & Physiology#Fibrocartilagenous joints|''annulus fibrosis'']] -> may spread to local bone
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[[Category:Arthritis]]
 
[[Category:Arthritis]]

Revision as of 16:16, 3 March 2011

Fibrinopurulent arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
Suppurative arthritis in cattle (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)
  • Inflammation of intra-articular structures
  • In farm animals usually due to infection
  • In small animals usually due to non-infectious causes


  • Classification:
    • According to number of joints involved - polyarthritis
    • According to type of inflammatory exudate
      • Serous
        • Increased synovial fluid production
        • Resolves if uncomplicated
      • Fibrinous
        • Early stages:
          • Increased and more opaque synovial exudate
          • Enlarged hyperaemic villi
          • Small haemorrhages in synovial membrane
        • Later stages:
          • Less exudate
          • Thickend synovial connective tissue
          • Marked villi proliferation (branching in microscopic preparations)
          • Proliferated synovial tissue -> peripheral fibrous tissue attempting repair across defective surface = pannus
        • Mild cases resolve
        • More severe cases - residual inflammation remains
        • Most severe cases - organising fibrosis +/- ankylosis
      • Purulent
        • Usually from haemoatogenous spread e.g. neonatal navel ill
        • May extend from adjacent abscesses
        • More destructive
        • Erosion of articular surfaces to underlying bone
        • Forms abscesses
        • Possible fistulation to the skin


  • Caused by:
    • Trauma
    • Infectious organisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)
    • Foreign material (urate crystals = gout)
    • Immune-mediated disease

Infectious arthritis

  • Bacterial arthritis
    • Most common in food animals, especially young
    • Portals of entry include:
      • Navel and GI tract -> bacteraemia
      • Haematogenously -> polyarthritis
      • Traumatic inoculation
      • Extension from bone or periarticular soft tissue
  • Viral arthritis
    • Progressive inflammatory and degenerative joint disease
    • Synovitis with cartilage destruction
    • Chronic mononuclear inflammatory reactions


In Sheep

In Pigs

In Cattle

  • Neonatal polyarthritis by:
    • Streptococcus spp.
      • Via umbilicus
      • Also involves eyes and meninges
    • Coliforms
      • Localises in joints and meninges in severe non-fatal neonatal colibacillosis
      • May remain as chronic arthritis in larger joints
  • Infections at any age:
    • Corynebacterium pyogenes
      • Suppurative arthrtis
      • Often due to pebetrating wound into or close to joints
    • Mycoplasma spp.
      • May be respinsible for some chronic cases but difficult to prove as hard to isolate
      • Fibrinous polyarthritis
    • Chlamydia sp.
      • Severe disease in young calves
      • High mortality
      • Can be seen in smears of synovial fluid from swollen joints
      • Oedematous and hyperaemic surrounding tissue
      • Possibly due to intrauterine infection
    • Brucella abortus
      • Uncommonly localises in joints
      • Usually in carpal bursitis (hygroma) in cattle and bursitis in horses

In Horses


In Goats

In Dogs

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