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− | Also Known As: '''''[[Theileriosis - Cattle |Theileriosis]] — Corridor Disease — January Disease — [[Theileria|Theileria parva]] — Exotic Theileriosis — Zimbabwe Theileriosis — Fortuna Disease — Murimu wa ngai''''' (African) — '''''Ol tegana''''' (African)
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− | ==Introduction==
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− | [[File:T parva.gif|thumb|200px|right|''Theileria parva'' within the blood]]
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− | East Coast fever is a form of [[Theileriosis - Cattle| theileriosis]] caused by ''Theileria parva''.
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− | ==Signalment==
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− | Mainly cattle. Also possibly buffalo.
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− | ==Distribution==
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− | Mainly in '''tropical''' regions due to reliance upon tick vectors.
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− | ==Clinical Signs==
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− | [[File:Theileria lifecycle.gif|thumb|200px|right|''Theileria'' lifecycle]]
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− | Early clinical signs include marked '''pyrexia''', '''leucopaenia''', '''inappetence''', decrease in milk production, '''lymphadenopathy''' and '''palpably hot [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]'''.
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− | As disease progresses, multisystemic signs develop:
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− | '''Cardiovascular''' – Tachycardia, Petechiae and Ecchymoses, possibly [[Anaemia]]
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− | '''Respiratory''' - Nasal discharge, Dyspnoea, Cough
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− | '''Gastrointestinal''' – [[Diarrhoea]] with mucus and/or blood, Inappetance, Hypomotility, Constipation
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− | '''Opthalmological''' – Blindness, Corneal opacity, Discharge, Photophobia, Increased lacrimation
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− | '''Reproductive''' – Abortion, Stillbirths, Agalactia
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− | '''Other''' – Sudden death, [[Icterus]], Marked Pyrexia, Neurological signs, Emaciation
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− | The clinical phase usually lasts '''2-3 weeks''', but death occasionally occurs within a week.
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− | Sub-lethal acute disease may be followed by complete recovery or more usually continue as chronic emaciation and decreased productivity and performance.
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− | ===Corridor Disease===
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− | Acute and usually fatal form of East Coast Fever that occurs when ''T. parva'' is transmitted from '''African buffalo''' to cattle. Buffalo appear to be asymptomatic carriers.
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− | ===January Disease===
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− | Also Known As – '''''Zimbabwe theileriosis''''' – '''''Fortuna disease'''''
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− | Acute '''strictly seasonal''' fatal form of ''T. parva'' in Zimbabwe. Occurs only from '''December to May''', or more commonly January to March, due to the distribution of its vector, ''[[Rhipicephalus spp.|Rhipicephalus]] appendiculatus''.
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− | Chronic signs such as emaciation and diarrhoea are rarely seen in Corridor disease and January disease due to the short disease course before death.
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− | ==Diagnosis==
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− | On post-mortem examination, the lymphoid system is severely damaged and respiratory changes are marked.
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− | Froth is often present in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles due to pneumonia and pulmonary oedema. Necrosis of the lymphoid tissue may be seen.
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− | Lymph nodes and spleen may be hyperplastic.
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− | The heart is commonly petechiated and ecchymotic.
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− | Petechiae may also be seen throughout the intestines and abomasums in ruminants.
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− | ==Treatment==
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− | '''Buparvaquone/Parvaquone''' and '''Halofuginone''' chemotherapy drugs can be effective but their cost often makes them prohibitive.
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− | '''Tetracyclines''' may also be effective against schizonts.
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− | '''Immunisation''' with cryopreserved sporozoites is also possible but carries a risk of causing patent disease.
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− | ==Control==
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− | Vaccination with '''cryopreserved sporozoites''' derived from crushed ticks is possible but expensive and not without risks. Vaccination is followed by treatment with long acting oxytetracycline - the so called '''Infection and Treatment Method (ITM)'''.
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− | Control of tick vectors and use of tick resistant breeds is also valuable.
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− | {{Learning
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− | |flashcards = [[East Coast Fever Flashcards]]
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− | }}
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− | ==References==
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− | <references/>
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− | {{CABI source
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− | |datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=62109&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 East Coast fever]
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− | |date =2 June 2011
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− | }}
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− | <br><br><br>
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− | {{Nick Lyons
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− | |date = 25 March 2012
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− | }}
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− | {{OpenPages}}
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− | [[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]] | |
− | [[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
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− | [[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]
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