Difference between revisions of "Encephalomyocarditis Virus Flashcards"

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<FlashCard questions="13">
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<FlashCard questions="5">
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|q1=What disease does the Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs and which systems can it affect?
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|q1=What disease does the ''Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs?
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|a1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs.
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|a1= |l1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs.
 
|l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
|l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
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|q2=What type of virus is Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)?
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|q2=What two types of disease is it known for causing?vvccccc
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|a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus.
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|a2=Encephalomyocarditis Virus
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|l2= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
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|q3= What are the properties of EMCV?
 
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|a3=
 
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*It is stable over a wide range of pH
 
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*The virus is ether-resistant
 
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*It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile)
 
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|l3= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
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|q4=Can EMCV infect humans?
 
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|a4= Antibodies for EMCV have been found in humans but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease.
 
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|l4= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
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|q5=What are the hosts for (EMCV)?
 
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|a5= The domestic host for this virus is the pig and it is the most susceptible to EMCV infection.  Other hosts include:
 
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*Chimpanzees
 
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*Monkeys
 
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*Elephants
 
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*Lions
 
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*Squirrels
 
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*Mongooses
 
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*Racoons
 
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|l5= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Signalment
 
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|q6=What are the clinical signs associated with EMCV?
 
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|a6= The disease causes:
 
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*High mortality in young pigs
 
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*Reproductive failures in breeding females
 
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*Piglets suffer from myocarditis, encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure
 
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*Vomiting and regurgitation
 
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*Anorexia, pyrexia, fasciculations, tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouth breathing
 
  
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Neurological signs include:
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|l2= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction
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*Ataxia, generalised weakness, tetraparesis, inability to stand, tremor, dysmetria, lethargy and depression.
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|q3= What is important about Japanese Encephalitis from a Public Health point of view?
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|a3= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus called ''Encephalomyocarditis virus'' (EMCV).
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Pregnant sows that become infected can suffer from infertility, mummified fetus, abortions, still births, small litter and weak new born.
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It is zoonotic and can cause fatal encephalitis in children.
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|l6= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Clinical Signs
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|l3= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Introduction
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|q7=How is the virus believed to be spread?
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|q4= What serological test can be performed for Japanese Encephalitis Virus?
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|a7= Through rodents (major reservoir of the disease) - infecting pigs directly or through diseased carcasses and contaminated feeds or water supplies.  
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|a4= Antibodies can be detected by ELISA or serum neutralisation
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|l7= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Epidemiology
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|l4= Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis
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|q8=What is the distribution of EMCV?
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|q5= From where can viral antigen be demonstrated and with which tests?
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|a8= Worldwide; cases were first reported in Central America, Florida and Australia.
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|a5=
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|l8= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Distribution
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*Brain
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|q9=How can EMCV be diagnosed?
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*Placenta
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|a9= A definitive diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation from infected heart tissue from pigs that have died in the acute phase of the disease.
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*Foetus
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*IFAT
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Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection.
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*Avidin-Biotin immunostaining
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|l9= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
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|l5=Japanese Encephalitis Virus#Diagnosis
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|q10=What pathology can be found on postmortem?
 
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|a10=  
 
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*Cardiomegaly
 
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*Myocardial lesions with yellow or white necrotic foci, usually on the epicardium of the right ventricle.
 
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Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal.
 
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Acutely affected pigs may not show any gross lesions on post mortem.
 
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|l10= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
 
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|q11=What histopathological findings can be seen with EMCV?
 
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|a11=  
 
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Within heart tissue:
 
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*Myocarditis
 
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*Focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells
 
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*Vascular congestion and oedema
 
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*Degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle
 
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Within brain tissue:
 
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*Congestion
 
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*Meningitis
 
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*Perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells)
 
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*Neuronal degeneration
 
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Within foetuses:
 
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*Nonsuppurative encephalitis
 
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*Myocarditis
 
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|l11=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
 
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|q12=What treatment is there for encephalomyocarditis?
 
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|a12=There is no specific treatment. Mortality levels in at risk pigs can be reduced by avoiding stress or excitation.
 
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|l12= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Treatment
 
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|q13=How can EMCV be controlled?
 
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|a13=
 
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*Inactivated vaccine (intramuscularly) in the USA.
 
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*Control rodent populations on farm to prevent the spread of disease and contamination of feeds or water supply
 
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*Good husbandry and hygiene protocols should be followed
 
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*Regular use of disinfectants
 
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|l13= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Control
 
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
  
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[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Reproductive Diseases Flashcards]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Reproductive Diseases Flashcards]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
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[[[[Category:To Do - Jaimie Meagor]]

Revision as of 22:06, 29 June 2011

Question Answer Article
What disease does the Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs? Link to Article
What two types of disease is it known for causing?vvccccc Link to Article
What is important about Japanese Encephalitis from a Public Health point of view? Link to Article
What serological test can be performed for Japanese Encephalitis Virus? Link to Article
From where can viral antigen be demonstrated and with which tests? Link to Article


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