Difference between revisions of "Bunostomum"
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{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
|name = ''Bunostomum spp. '' | |name = ''Bunostomum spp. '' | ||
|kingdom = Eukaryota | |kingdom = Eukaryota | ||
|sub-kingdom = | |sub-kingdom = | ||
− | |phylum = | + | |phylum = Nematoda |
|super-class = | |super-class = | ||
|class = Secernentea | |class = Secernentea | ||
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|sub-order = | |sub-order = | ||
|super-family = | |super-family = | ||
− | |family = | + | |family = Ancylostomatidae |
|sub-family = | |sub-family = | ||
|genus = Bunostomum | |genus = Bunostomum | ||
|species = ''Bunostomum spp.'' | |species = ''Bunostomum spp.'' | ||
}} | }} | ||
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− | Caused By | + | Also Known As – '''''Hookworm Dermatitis - Bunostomosis''''' |
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+ | Caused By – ''Bunostomum phlebotomum – B. trigonocephalum'' | ||
==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
− | ''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''small intestinal endoparasites of large and small ruminants and camelids'''. ''B. phlebotomum'' is seen primarily in calves and ''B. trigonocephalum'' in lambs. | + | ''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''small intestinal [[Endoparasites|endoparasites]] of large and small ruminants and camelids'''. ''B. phlebotomum'' is seen primarily in calves and ''B. trigonocephalum'' in lambs. |
− | They are '''greyish-white worms, 1-3cm in length and stout in stature''', especially when compared to other [[ | + | They are '''greyish-white worms, 1-3cm in length and stout in stature''', especially when compared to other [[Nematoda|nematodes]]. Their '''anterior end is bent dorsally''' giving them a hooked figuration. The '''buccal capsule is funnel shaped''' and bordered with a '''pair of chitinous cutting plates''' which serve to attach the parasite to the intestinal mucosa. They are usually only found in the '''proximal few metres of the small intestine.''' |
Eggs of ''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''irregular and ellipsoid, thin shelled and have 4-8 blastomeres'''. | Eggs of ''Bunostomum spp. '' are '''irregular and ellipsoid, thin shelled and have 4-8 blastomeres'''. | ||
− | These parasites can cause both ''' gastrointestinal disease and also integumentary damage during percutaneous invasion'''. | + | These parasites can cause both ''' [[Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrointestinal disease]] and also [[Skin Anatomy & Physiology|integumentary damage]] during percutaneous invasion'''. |
==Signalment== | ==Signalment== | ||
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==Clinical Signs== | ==Clinical Signs== | ||
− | Direct digestive signs of disease include ''' [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] which often contains mucus and/or blood, anorexia, | + | Direct digestive signs of disease include ''' [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] which often contains mucus and/or blood, anorexia, Inappetance and weight loss or stunted growth. Hypoproteinaemia due to parasitic consumption may cause '''peripheral oedema, e.g. bottle-jaw.''' |
− | Consequent bleeding and fluid loss often causes ''' | + | Consequent bleeding and fluid loss often causes '''anaemia and/or dehydration''' and associated pallor, prostration, emaciation and weakness. |
Signs of pain and discomfort will vary with the individual. | Signs of pain and discomfort will vary with the individual. | ||
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Skin disease usually manifests in the '''feet and limbs as pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and papule/pustule formation. ''' The coat in affected areas is often rough and poor and easily epilated. '''Claws and hooves also exhibit defective growth, fragility and overgrowth. ''' | Skin disease usually manifests in the '''feet and limbs as pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and papule/pustule formation. ''' The coat in affected areas is often rough and poor and easily epilated. '''Claws and hooves also exhibit defective growth, fragility and overgrowth. ''' | ||
− | Larval migration through the lungs may also cause a cough and other respiratory signs. | + | Larval migration through the lungs may also cause a cough and other [[Respiratory System|respiratory]] signs. |
− | Recovery results in partial protection to reinfection but adults may then carry | + | Recovery results in partial protection to reinfection but adults may then carry an shed worms. |
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
At '''necropsy''', adults can be '''demonstrated in the proximal segments of the small intestine''' and identified microscopically. | At '''necropsy''', adults can be '''demonstrated in the proximal segments of the small intestine''' and identified microscopically. | ||
− | Eggs can also be detected by the '''floatation technique''' and morphologically identified. They cannot be differentiated from | + | Eggs can also be detected by the '''floatation technique''' and morphologically identified. They cannot be differentiated from ''Trichostrongylid spp. '' or ''Oesophagostomum spp. '' unless faecal samples are fresh. |
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
− | '''All commercial endoparasiticides are effective and resistance is not currently a significant problem. ''' | + | '''All commercial [[Endoparasiticides|endoparasiticides]] are effective and resistance is not currently a significant problem. ''' |
==Control== | ==Control== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
− | + | Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Bunostomum datasheet''', accessed 31/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/ | |
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− | [[Category:CABI | + | [[Category:To Do - CABI review]] [[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Cattle]] [[Category:Parasites - Cattle]] |
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Revision as of 07:29, 1 August 2011
Bunostomum spp. | |
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Kingdom | Eukaryota |
Phylum | Nematoda |
Class | Secernentea |
Sub-class | Rhabditia |
Order | Strongylida |
Family | Ancylostomatidae |
Genus | Bunostomum |
Species | Bunostomum spp. |
Also Known As – Hookworm Dermatitis - Bunostomosis
Caused By – Bunostomum phlebotomum – B. trigonocephalum
Introduction
Bunostomum spp. are small intestinal endoparasites of large and small ruminants and camelids. B. phlebotomum is seen primarily in calves and B. trigonocephalum in lambs.
They are greyish-white worms, 1-3cm in length and stout in stature, especially when compared to other nematodes. Their anterior end is bent dorsally giving them a hooked figuration. The buccal capsule is funnel shaped and bordered with a pair of chitinous cutting plates which serve to attach the parasite to the intestinal mucosa. They are usually only found in the proximal few metres of the small intestine.
Eggs of Bunostomum spp. are irregular and ellipsoid, thin shelled and have 4-8 blastomeres.
These parasites can cause both gastrointestinal disease and also integumentary damage during percutaneous invasion.
Signalment
Young animals 5-8 months old are most commonly infected.
100-200 B. phlebotomum and 20-100 B. trigonocephalum is adequate to cause disease in calves and lambs respectively and burdens of 2000 and 300 worms respectively are large enough to cause mortality.
Older animals often carry worms asymptomatically.
Lifecycle
Bunostomum spp. have a direct lifecycle, taking 24-36 hours to hatch and 5-16 days to develop into ensheathed L3 infective larvae.
Hot weather restricts survival on pasture to 6-7 weeks, and the larvae/eggs do not survive the winter on pastures in temperate countries.
The percutaneous route of infection is most important but animals can also acquire infection orally. Larvae then migrate to the lungs and trachea, reaching the intestine after they are coughed up and swallowed. Larvae moult both in the lungs and when they reach the abomasum or intestine.
Eggs are shed into the faeces by infected individuals.
The pre-patent period is 7-9 weeks and maximal parasite longevity is 1-2years.
Clinical Signs
Direct digestive signs of disease include diarrhoea which often contains mucus and/or blood, anorexia, Inappetance and weight loss or stunted growth. Hypoproteinaemia due to parasitic consumption may cause peripheral oedema, e.g. bottle-jaw.
Consequent bleeding and fluid loss often causes anaemia and/or dehydration and associated pallor, prostration, emaciation and weakness.
Signs of pain and discomfort will vary with the individual.
Skin disease usually manifests in the feet and limbs as pruritus, erythema, oedema, alopecia, hyperkeratosis and papule/pustule formation. The coat in affected areas is often rough and poor and easily epilated. Claws and hooves also exhibit defective growth, fragility and overgrowth.
Larval migration through the lungs may also cause a cough and other respiratory signs.
Recovery results in partial protection to reinfection but adults may then carry an shed worms.
Diagnosis
At necropsy, adults can be demonstrated in the proximal segments of the small intestine and identified microscopically.
Eggs can also be detected by the floatation technique and morphologically identified. They cannot be differentiated from Trichostrongylid spp. or Oesophagostomum spp. unless faecal samples are fresh.
Treatment
All commercial endoparasiticides are effective and resistance is not currently a significant problem.
Control
Avoidance of marshy and damp areas for grazing stock and prophylactic worming regimes are the usual control measures implemented.
Bunostomum Learning Resources | |
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Flashcards Test your knowledge using flashcard type questions |
Bunostomum Flashcards |
References
Animal Health & Production Compendium, Bunostomum datasheet, accessed 31/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/