Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
53,803
edits
Changes
Artificial Insemination - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 13:47, 5 July 2012
, 13:47, 5 July 2012no edit summary
[[Image:Artificial Insemination pig.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Sow</p><sup>Courtesy of Proff.Watson ©RVC 2008</sup>]]
[[Image:Artificial Insemination pig.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Sow</p><sup>Courtesy of Proff.Watson ©RVC 2008</sup>]]
== Semen Evaluation ==
== Semen Evaluation ==
* Determine [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]] volume.
* Determine [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]] volume.
* Estimate the percentage displaying progressive motility (linear motion) at 37◦C.
* Estimate the percentage displaying progressive motility (linear motion) at 37◦C.
* Determine sperm concentration.
* Determine sperm concentration.
== Seminal Extenders ==
== Seminal Extenders ==
* Extend the number of sperm in the original [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]].
* Extend the number of sperm in the original [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]].
* Extend the life of sperm.
* Extend the life of sperm.
* Must be '''isotonic'''
* Must be '''isotonic'''
* Fertility drops much faster either side of ovulation with frozen semen, especially in the sow.
* Fertility drops much faster either side of ovulation with frozen semen, especially in the sow.
** Hence, artificial insemination with frozen semen is rare in the sow.
** Hence, artificial insemination with frozen semen is rare in the sow.
== Advantages ==
* Enables widespread use of good sires and the spread of valuable genetic material to even small farms.
* Permits crossbreeding more economically.
* Eliminates dangerous males.
* Research tool for reproductive pathology.
* Allows introduction of new genetics to be seen quicly in a population.
* Enables the use of semen (frozen) even after the donor is dead, thus preserving selected lines.
* Allows the use of semen from incapacitated males.
* Reduces the risk of spreading disease.
* Leads to improved herd performance.
* Reduced risk of injury to handlers.
* Dramatically improved genetic quality and diversity in many animals.
* Semen can be stored for optimal timing of insemination.
* Transporting semen is much cheaper than it would be to transport animals.
== Disadvantages ==
* If one animal can sire many offspring, it will make many animals redundant.
* Foals conceived by AI are not permitted in any stud book and are not allowed to race.
* Legislation is needed to provide necessary safeguards.
* High level of knowledge and skill are required.
* Need for government intervention and support.
* Slight risk of inseminating with the wrong semen.
* Animals which need to be inseminated very soon after ovulation (horses) require veterinary input. This may be expensive.
* Frozen semen cannot be used successfully in all species and fertility rates are lower with frozen semen than when fresh semen is used.
* Optimum fertility allows only a small window of time and transport of fresh semen is difficult.
== Insemination Methods ==
== Insemination Methods ==
* Success rate is 70% from a single insemination (same as natural service)
* Success rate is 70% from a single insemination (same as natural service)
* Farmers inseminate the herd themselves.
* Farmers inseminate the herd themselves.
* A hand is used to grasp the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] of the cow and a delivery pipette is inserted through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] into the uterine body which is felt with the index finger.
* A hand is used to grasp the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] of the cow and a delivery pipette is inserted through the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] into the uterine body which is felt with the index finger.
* Allows further advance of the semen than natural insemination would reach ([[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|anterior vagina]]).
* Allows further advance of the semen than natural insemination would reach ([[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|anterior vagina]]).
* Only 2-8 million live sperm are required in the semen to achieve fertility in cattle.
* Only 2-8 million live sperm are required in the semen to achieve fertility in cattle.
=== Sheep ===
=== Sheep ===
* The ewe has a convex [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] with overlapping folds. Insemination is into the internal os of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]].
* The ewe has a convex [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] with overlapping folds. Insemination is into the internal os of the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]].
* 0.25 ml or less is delivered by pipette.
* 0.25 ml or less is delivered by pipette.
* 70-75% conception rate is achieved with fresh semen, but only 5-15% with frozen semen due to the site of delivery being so far from the site of [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Fertilisation-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|fertilization]].
* 70-75% conception rate is achieved with fresh semen, but only 5-15% with frozen semen due to the site of delivery being so far from the site of [[Fertilisation - Anatomy & Physiology|fertilization]].
==== Laparoscopic insemination ====
==== Laparoscopic insemination ====
* Minimum volume 25-50ml
* Minimum volume 25-50ml
* Normally 80ml is delivered through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] to reach the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|uterus]] by gravitational flow.
* Normally 80ml is delivered through the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] to reach the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]] by gravitational flow.
* Uses 2-3 billion sperm per insemination (60 billion in a normal ejaculate), so is relatively inefficient only giving ~20 inseminations per [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]].
* Uses 2-3 billion sperm per insemination (60 billion in a normal ejaculate), so is relatively inefficient only giving ~20 inseminations per [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]].
=== Horses ===
[[Image:AI Mare.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Mare</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]]
* Gloved, lubricated hand is inserted directly into the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]].
* Index finger is used to guide the insemination pipette into the [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervical lumen]].
* Marker used to guage the depth of insemination.
[[Image:AI Bitch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Bitch</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]]
[[Image:AI Bitch.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Artificial Insemination of the Bitch</p><sup>© L.Wilkie 2008</sup>]]
* Vulva is elevated manually so that the ventral 'tilt' of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vestibule]] is removed.
* Vulva is elevated manually so that the ventral 'tilt' of the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vestibule]] is removed.
* Allows the insemination pipette to be inserted with relative ease.
* Allows the insemination pipette to be inserted with relative ease.
* Hindquarters of the bitch should be elevated for ~5 minutes after deposition of the semen to allow pooling in the anterior [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]] and caudal [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]].
* Hindquarters of the bitch should be elevated for ~5 minutes after deposition of the semen to allow pooling in the anterior [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] and caudal [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]].
[[Category:Reproductive Technologies]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]