Changes

Also Known As – '''''Inclusion Body Rhinitis – Atrophic Rhinitis – IBR – Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease'''''

Also Known As: '''''IBR — Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease'''''

Caused By – ''Suid Herpesvirus 2 – SHV-2 – Inclusion Body Rhinitis Virus – Pig Cytomegalovirus – IBRV - PCMV''

Caused By: '''''Porcine Cytomegalovirus — Suid Herpesvirus 2 — SHV-2 — Inclusion Body Rhinitis Virus — Pig Cytomegalovirus — IBRV — PCMV''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:Cytomegalovirus infection.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cytomegalovirus infection histology - note basophilic nuclear inclusino bodies and peri-nuclear halo. Wikimedia Commons]]

[[File:Cytomegalovirus infection.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Cytomegalovirus infection histology - note basophilic nuclear inclusion bodies and peri-nuclear halo. Wikimedia Commons]]

Porcine Cytomegalovirus is a '''[[Herpesviridae | herpesvirus]]''' causing '''Inclusion Body Rhinitis''' in pigs.  

Porcine Cytomegalovirus is a '''[[Herpesviridae |herpesvirus]]''' causing '''Inclusion Body Rhinitis''' in pigs.  

PCMV may pose a risk to humans through '''transplanted organs''' and this is currently being researched. It is not currently considered a zoonosis due to its host range being highly restricted ot only the pig.

PCMV may pose a risk to humans through '''transplanted organs''' and this is currently being researched. It is not currently considered a zoonosis due to its host range being highly restricted to only the pig.

==Epidemiology==

 

'''Global'''. No country has established freedom from or eradication of disease. Prevalence of infected herds and infected pigs within a herd is very high albeit with a low incidence of clinical disease.

==Distribution==

'''Global'''. No country has established freedom from or eradication of disease.

 

Prevalence of infected herds and infected pigs within a herd is very high albeit with a low incidence of clinical disease.

PCMV can cross the placenta facilitating '''vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission''' between infected pigs is also important.

PCMV can cross the placenta facilitating '''vertical transmission. Horizontal transmission''' between infected pigs is also important.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

'''Rhinitis – Snuffling, sneezing, coughing, production of purulent/catarrhal discharge, increased lacrimation, conjunctivititis, ocular discharge, epistaxis, dyspnoea.'''

<br>'''Rhinitis is most common, causing snuffling, sneezing, coughing, production of purulent/catarrhal discharge, increased lacrimation, conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, epistaxis, dyspnoea.'''

Anorexia, anaemia,  lethargy, pyrexia and sudden death.

Anorexia, anaemia,  lethargy, pyrexia and sudden death may all be noted.

 

'''Pneumonia''' may occur.

'''Reproductive failure''' caused by PCMV is characterised by '''abortion, mummified piglets and birth of stillborn''', weak or stunted pigs. Ulcers and erosions may form on the external genitalia. Sows may develop agalactia.

'''Reproductive failure''' caused by PCMV is characterised by '''abortion, mummified piglets and birth of stillborn''', weak or stunted pigs. Ulcers and erosions may form on the external genitalia. Sows may develop agalactia.

'''Black discolouration around the eyes''' due to conjunctival exudate is also suggestive.

'''Black discolouration around the eyes''' due to conjunctival exudate is also suggestive.

'''Antigen''' can be detected serologically by '''Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT).'''

'''Antigen''' can be detected serologically by [[FAT|'''fluorescent antibody test (FAT)]].'''

'''Antibody''' can be detected by '''Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT).'''

 

'''Antibody''' can be detected by '''Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) and [[ELISA testing|ELISA]].'''

'''PCR''' tests for PCMV have now also been developed and are very sensitive.

'''PCR''' tests for PCMV have now also been developed and are very sensitive.

On '''post-mortem''', petechiation of the heart, kidneys, intestine, lungs, lymph nodes and meninges is seen in neonatal and foetal pigs. Pulmonary congestion is marked and the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are dramatically enlarged. Ventral aspects of lung lobes are often '''discoloured purple'''. The nasal mucosa is congested with a mucoid exudates.

On '''post-mortem''', petechiation of the heart, kidneys, intestine, lungs, lymph nodes and meninges is seen in neonatal and foetal pigs. Pulmonary congestion is marked and the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes are dramatically enlarged. Ventral aspects of lung lobes are often '''discoloured purple'''. The nasal mucosa is congested with a mucoid exudate.

Histologically, large '''basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies are present in the mucosal epithelial cells''' of the turbinates, salivary glands and kidney tissues.  

Histologically, large '''basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies are present in the mucosal epithelial cells''' of the turbinates, salivary glands and kidney tissues.  

Electron microscopy can also be used for the same purpose.  

Electron microscopy can also be used for the same purpose.  

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

==References==

==References==

<references/>

<references/>

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Inclusion Body Rhinitis datasheet''', accessed 16/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=79245&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 inclusion body rhinitis] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=62346 suid herpesvirus 2]

 

 

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[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Pig]]