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Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 17:39, 7 December 2022
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#REDIRECT [[Thymus]]
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[[Image:Thymus histo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>'''Thymus (histological section)'''</p><sup>Courtesy of BioMed Archive</sup>]]
==Introduction==
The thymus has a key role in the maturation of prothymocytes into mature [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]]. In juvenile animals the thymus produces significant numbers of new T [[Lymphocytes - Introduction|lymphocytes]] but as the animal matures this production decreases and T cell population is maintained by division of mature [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]].
==Embryology==
<sup>''Note: Embryology here is brief and simplified''</sup>
<p>The thymus mainly develops from the left and right third pharyngeal pouches and extends caudally until it fuses with the [[Heart Structure - Anatomy & Physiology#Pericardium|pericardium]]. Then as the [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] migrates into the thoracic cavity the thymus comes with it. At this point the thymus is Y-shaped and this shape persists in neonatal ruminants, in horses the left-right connection is lost leaving two separate lobes while in carnivores only the thoracic part remains and the cranial portion regresses.</p>
<p>During development some cells ([[Haematopoiesis - Overview#Colony Forming Units|CFU-L’s]]) migrate from the [[Bone Marrow - Anatomy & Physiology|bone marrow]] to the thymus and eventually become concentrated around the outside of the thymus, producing a dense layer of cells (the cortex) and giving rise to the inner medulla. Some of the cells in the medulla surround and form layers around enlarged endodermal cells and these give rise to the Hassall’s corpuscles.</p>
==Structure==
The thymus is found cranial to the [[Heart - Anatomy & Physiology|heart]] and has a 'lobular' strucutre. Within the lobules the tissue consists of an outer cortex and an inner medulla.
===General structure===
<p>The thymus is surrounded by a capsule made of thin connective tissue. Trabeculae from this extend into the thymus creating thymic ‘lobules’. The connective tissues house [[Blood Vessels|blood vessels]] and efferent [[Lymphatic Vessels - Anatomy & Physiology|lymphatic vessels]] along with nerves.</p>
<p>The cortex is dense consisting of rapidly dividing thymocytes (developing [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T lymphocytes]]) which stain with H&E to give a basophilic appearance. The thymocytes are supported in a network of epithelioreticular cells (‘epithelio’ due to similarities with epithelium and ‘reticular’ due to similarity with reticular cells in lymph tissues). Small numbers of dendritic epithelial cells are also present.</P>
<p>There are six types of epithelioreticular cells. Types I-III are found in the cortex and types IV-VI in the medulla. Type VI forming Hassall’s (or thymic) corpuscles.</p>
<p>The medulla has non-dividing, more mature [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]] with dendritic cells at the cortico-medullary junction. The density of thymocytes is much less than the cortex and consequently it does not stain as strongly. The cytoplasm in Hassall’s corpuscles contains keratohyalin granules and intermediate fibres and may be keratinised. Function is yet to be asserted but thought to produce IL-4 and IL-7 to help with T lymphocyte development.</p>
===Blood-thymus barrier===
<p>The blood-thymus barrier protects the [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T lymphocytes]] from exposure to antigens in the blood. It is formed in the capillaries by a continuous endothelium with occluding junctions surrounded by connective tissue and then surrounded by a second layer formed from the processes of epithelioreticular cells (Type I).</p>
<p>[[Macrophages|Macrophages]] are also present around the capillaries to engulf any antigenic substances that manage to penetrate the barrier.</p>
===Changes===
The thymus remains a sizeable organ until the animal reaches puberty. Once puberty is reached the lymphoid tissue is replaced with adipose tissue (involution).
===Histology===
<gallery perrow="3">
Image:LH Thymus Histology 1.jpg|<p>'''Low power magnification'''</P><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
Image:LH Thymus Histology 2.jpg|<p>'''Medulla, Cotex & Capsule'''</P><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
Image:LH Thymus Histology 3.jpg|<p>'''Medulla & Cortex'''</P><sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
Image:LH Thymus Histology 4.jpg|<p>'''Hassall’s corpuscle'''</P> <sup>©RVC 2008</sup>
Image:LH Hassalls Corpuscle Histology.jpg|<p>'''Hassall’s corpuscle'''</P> <sup>©Nottingham Uni 2008</sup></gallery>
==Functions==
The thymus has a key role in the maturation of prothymocytes into mature [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]]. In juvenile animals the thymus produces significant numbers of new T lymphocytes, but as the animal matures this production decreases and the [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cell]] population is maintained by division of mature [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T cells]].
===Endocrine===
Although the Thymus shrinks after puberty, it continues to function as an [[Endocrine System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|endocrine gland]] during adulthood. It produces the hormone thymosin which stimulates the activity of the [[Lymphocytes#T cells|T lymphocytes]].
Back to [[Endocrine System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|Endocrine System]]
==Links==
[[Thymus Neoplasia|Tumours of the Thymus]]
{{Template:Learning
|OVAM = [http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/canine-thymus-histology Canine Thymus Histology]<br>[http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/histology-avian-thymus Avian Thymus Histology]
}}
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{{Jim Bee 2007}}
==Webinars==
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/internal-medicine/webinars/feed</rss>
[[Category:Primary Lymphoid Tissue]]
[[Category:Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology]]