Difference between revisions of "Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology"

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==Introduction==
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|linkpage =Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology
 
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|linktext =Reproductive System
 
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|maplink = Reproductive System (Content Map) - Anatomy & Physiology
 
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|pagetype =Anatomy
 
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|sublink1=Reproductive System - Anatomy & Physiology#Female Reproductive Tract
 
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|subtext1=FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
 
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=Introduction=
 
  
 
Ovarian cycles are from oestrus to oestrus.  Oestrus is the easily identifiable external marker. It should be noted that Oestrus is the noun and oestrous is the adjective.
 
Ovarian cycles are from oestrus to oestrus.  Oestrus is the easily identifiable external marker. It should be noted that Oestrus is the noun and oestrous is the adjective.
  
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= Classification of Oestrous Cycles =
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'''Classification of Oestrous Cycles ''' can be done based on '''vaginal cytology''' or '''secretory patterns of the ovary'''.
  
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== Based on Vaginal Cytology ==
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==Based on Vaginal Cytology ==
  
 
=== Pro-Oestrus ===
 
=== Pro-Oestrus ===
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* Marked increase in reproductive activity.
 
* Marked increase in reproductive activity.
 
* Endocrine transition from progesterone to oestrogen dominance under the influence of gonadotrophins LH and FSH.
 
* Endocrine transition from progesterone to oestrogen dominance under the influence of gonadotrophins LH and FSH.
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* Follicular growth and regression of the corpus luteum of the previous cycle (in polyoestrous species).
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* Follicular growth and [[Corpus Luteum Regression - Anatomy & Physiology|regression of the corpus luteum]] of the previous cycle (in polyoestrous species).
 
* Uterus enlarges slightly
 
* Uterus enlarges slightly
−
* Endometrium becomes congested and oedematous, glands show secretory activity.
+
* [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Endometrium|Endometrium]] becomes congested and oedematous, glands show secretory activity.
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* Vaginal mucous becomes hyperaemic.  
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* [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|Vaginal]] mucous becomes hyperaemic.  
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** Increase in cell numbers in the vaginal epithelium.
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** Increase in cell numbers in the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|vaginal]] epithelium.
 
** Superficial layers become cornified.
 
** Superficial layers become cornified.
−
* The '''bitch''' shows external evidence:
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* The '''[[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology#Bitch|bitch]]''' shows external evidence:
−
** Vulval oedema
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** [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vulva|Vulval]] oedema
 
** Hyperaemia
 
** Hyperaemia
 
** Sanguinous vulval discharge
 
** Sanguinous vulval discharge
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=== Oestrus ===
 
=== Oestrus ===
  
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* The period where the female will accept the male for copulation.
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* The period where the female will accept the male for [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|copulation]].
 
* The onset and end of oestrus are the only stages of the oetrous cycle that can be accurately measured.  They are therefore used to determine cycle length.
 
* The onset and end of oestrus are the only stages of the oetrous cycle that can be accurately measured.  They are therefore used to determine cycle length.
 
* Female seeks out the male and 'stands' to be mounted.
 
* Female seeks out the male and 'stands' to be mounted.
−
* Uterine, cervical and vaginal glands secrete increased amounts of mucus.
+
* [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|Uterine]], [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|cervical]] and [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|vaginal glands]] secrete increased amounts of mucus.
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* Vaginal epithelium and uterine endometrium becomes hyperaemic and congested.
+
* Vaginal epithelium and [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Endometrium|uterine endometrium]] becomes hyperaemic and congested.
−
* Cervix is relaxed
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* [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervix]] is relaxed
−
* Ovulation occurs during this phase in all domestic species except the cow.
+
* [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Ovulation]] occurs during this phase in all domestic species except the cow.
−
** The cow ovulates ~12 hours after the end of oestrus.
+
** The cow [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulates]] ~12 hours after the end of oestrus.
−
* Ovulation is spontaneous in all domestic species except the cat, rabbit and camelids.  In these species it is induced by the act of copulation.
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* [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Ovulation]] is spontaneous in all domestic species except the cat, rabbit and camelids.  In these species it is induced by the act of [[Copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|copulation]].
−
* During pro-oestrous and oestrus there is follicular growth with no functional corpora lutea present on the ovary (aka follicular phase).
+
* During pro-oestrous and oestrus there is [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology#Folliculogenesis|follicular growth]] with no functional [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpora lutea]] present on the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] (aka follicular phase).
 
* The main ovarian hormone production is Oestrogen.
 
* The main ovarian hormone production is Oestrogen.
  
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* The phase after oestrus
 
* The phase after oestrus
 
* During early metoestrus, both oestrogen and progesterone levels are relatively low.
 
* During early metoestrus, both oestrogen and progesterone levels are relatively low.
−
* Granulosa cells of the ovulated follicle give rise to lutein cells, which are responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum (luteinization).
+
* Granulosa cells of the [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulated]] [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|follicles]] give rise to lutein cells, which are responsible for the [[Corpus Luteum Formation - Anatomy & Physiology|formation of the corpus luteum]] (luteinisation).
−
* Progesterone secretion is detectable soon after ovulation, with significant quantities produced in 2-5 days.  This marks a transition from oestrogen to progesterone dominance.
+
* Progesterone secretion is detectable soon after [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]], with significant quantities produced in 2-5 days.  This marks a transition from oestrogen to progesterone dominance.
−
* Reduction in secretion from uterine, cervical and vaginal glands.
+
* Reduction in secretion from [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|uterine]], [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|cervical]] and [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|vaginal glands]].
  
 
=== Dioestrus ===
 
=== Dioestrus ===
  
 
* Longest phase of the oestrous cycle, which usually laste 10-14 days in polyoestrous females.   
 
* Longest phase of the oestrous cycle, which usually laste 10-14 days in polyoestrous females.   
−
* The corpus luteum is present on the ovary and secreting large amounts of progesterone. The duration of this phase is directly related to the time that the corpus luteum remains functional.
+
* The [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|corpus luteum]] is present on the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] and secreting large amounts of progesterone. The duration of this phase is directly related to the time that the corpus luteum remains functional.
−
* High progesterone levels prompt the uterus to prepare a suitable environment for development of the embryo, and eventual attachment of the conceptus to the endometrium (implantation).
+
* High progesterone levels prompt the uterus to prepare a suitable environment for development of the embryo, and eventual [[Implantation - Anatomy & Physiology|attachment of the conceptus to the endometrium]] (implantation).
 
* Uterine glands undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
 
* Uterine glands undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
−
* Cervix becomes constricted
+
* [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervix]] becomes constricted
 
* Secretions of the tract are scant and sticky.
 
* Secretions of the tract are scant and sticky.
−
* Vaginal mucosa becomes pale.
+
* [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Vagina_2|Vaginal mucosa]] becomes pale.
−
* Ends with the regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis).
+
* Ends with the [[Corpus Luteum Regression - Anatomy & Physiology|regression of the corpus luteum]] (luteolysis).
  
 
=== Anoestrus ===
 
=== Anoestrus ===
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* Follicular development is minimal and corpora lutea have regressed and are non-functional.
 
* Follicular development is minimal and corpora lutea have regressed and are non-functional.
 
* Secretions are scanty
 
* Secretions are scanty
−
* Cervix is constricted
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* [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervix]] is constricted
 
* Vaginal Mucosa is pale
 
* Vaginal Mucosa is pale
  
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* Oestrogen dominant
 
* Oestrogen dominant
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* Includes proliferation of the endometrium.
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* Includes proliferation of the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Endometrium|endometrium]].
  
 
=== Secretory Phase ===
 
=== Secretory Phase ===
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* Includes secretions from the uterus, such as 'uterine milk' to sustain the fertilised ovum until implantaion.
 
* Includes secretions from the uterus, such as 'uterine milk' to sustain the fertilised ovum until implantaion.
  
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=Comparative Oestrous Cycles=
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==Comparative Oestrous Cycles==
  
 
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
 
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
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|}
 
|}
  
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<big><b>
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Oestrus Cycles in:
 +
:[[Oestrous Cycle - Horse|Mare]]
 +
:[[Oestrous Cycle - Dog|Bitch]]
 +
:[[Oestrous Cycle - Cat|Queen]]
 +
:[[Oestrous Cycle - Cattle|Cow]]
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:[[Oestrous Cycle - Sheep|Ewe]]
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:[[Oestrous Cycle - Goat|Nanny Goat]]
 +
:[[Oestrous Cycle - Pig|Sow]]
  
 +
</b></big>
  
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== Mare ==
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== Links ==
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=== Oestrous Cycle ===
 
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* Seasonal breeder (long day)
 
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* Oestrous cyclicity from spring-autumn.  During the winter, the mare is normally anoestrus.
 
−
* Winter anoestrus is follwed by a transition to regular cyclic activity.  During this time, the duration of oestrus may be irregular or very long.
 
−
* Before the first ovulation, behavioural oestrus may not be accompanied by the presence of palpable follicles on the ovary.
 
−
* Some long oestrus periods in spring are anovulatory.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
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* Average cycle length is 20-23 days.  The cycles are longest in spring and shortest from June-September.
 
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* Oestrus lasts 6 days.
 
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* Dioestrus lasts 15 days.
 
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* Ovulation occurs on the penultimate day or last day of oestrus.
 
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* The diameter of a ripe follicle ready to ovulate is 3-7cm.  The day before ovulation, the tension in the follicle is reduced.  Palpation of a large, fluctuating follicle is a reliable sign of impending ovulation.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
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* The onset of oestrus after foaling is known as the 'foal heat'.
 
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* Occurs on day 5-10 post-parturition.
 
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* Sometimes shorter than normal, lasting 2-4 days.
 
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* The first two post-parturient cycles are a few days longer than normal.
 
−
 
 
−
* During Oestrus, a single egg is usually released.  Thus, the mare is monotocious.
 
−
* Ovulation seems to occur more frequently from the left ovary.
 
−
* All ovulations occur from the ovulation fossa.
 
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* Due to the reversed structure of the ovary, corpora lutea may only be seen sometimes at the ovarian hilus.  However, because the ovary is curved and mostly covered by fimbrae of the oviduct, corpora lutea cannot be identified by rectal palpation.
 
−
* Only fertilized eggs can pass into the uterus.
 
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* Non-fertilized eggs remain in the Utero-Tubal junction for months, where they finally disintegrate.
 
−
 
 
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=== Cyclic Changes in the Ovaries ===
 
−
 
 
−
* Just before the onset of oestrus, several follicles enlarge to 1-3cm.
 
−
* By the first day of oestrus, one dominant follicle is significantly larger than the others, with a diameter of 2.5-3.5 cm.
 
−
* During oestrus, this dominant follicle matures and ruptures once it has attained a diameter of 3-7 cm.
 
−
* Several hours before ovulation, the ripe follicle becomes much less tense and can be recognised as an indentation on the surface of the ovary.
 
−
* There is usually haemorrhage into the follicle and the coagulum hardens within the next 24 hours.
 
−
* After ovulation, the other follicles regress.
 
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* During the first 4-9 days of Dioestrus, there are no follicles over 1cm present on the ovary.
 
−
* For 3 days after ovulation, the leutinising mass can be felt, but later it normally has the same texture as the ovary.
 
−
* The corpus luteum reaches full size at 4-5 days after ovulation but does not protrude from the ovarian surface.
 
−
* On section of the ovary, the corpus luteum will appear brown and later yellow.  It is triangular or conical in shape, with the narrow end on the ovulaiton fossa.  The centre of the corpus luteum normally contains dark brown fibrin.
 
−
* The corpus luteum of the cycle (non-pregnant) starts to regress on about the 12th day of the cycle.  At the time of regression, there is a fall in blood progesterone concentration.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
* During winter Anoestrus, both ovaries are usually small and bean-shaped.  They normally measure:
 
−
** 6cm pole-pole
 
−
** 4cm from the hilus to the free border
 
−
** 3 cm side-side
 
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* During the cycle, the size of the ovary depends on the number and size of the follicles.
 
−
* During oestrus, the ovary may contain 2-3 follicles.  These can each measure 4-7 cm.  These, combined with other less developed follicles, give the ovary a huge size.
 
−
* During Dioestrus, there is an active corpus luteum and atretic follicles present.  However, these only give the ovary a size a little larger than in Anoestrus.
 
−
 
 
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=== Endocrine Changes During the Oestrous Cycle ===
 
−
 
 
−
* Biphasic secretion of FSH with surges every 10-12 days.
 
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** One surge after ovulation and a second in mid-late Dioestrus (~10 days before the next ovulation).
 
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* This increase in FSH secretion is unique to the mare.
 
−
** Primes the development of a new generation of follicles, one of which will ovulate during the next oestrus.
 
−
* The pattern of LH secretion is also unusual.
 
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** No dramatic LH surge prior to ovulation.
 
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** LH gradually increases and elevated levels then persist for 5-6 days either side of ovulation.
 
−
* Oestrogens reach peak values during oestrus.
 
−
* Progesterone concentrations follow the changes of the corpus luteum closely.
 
−
 
 
−
== Cow ==
 
−
 
 
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=== Oestrous Cycle ===
 
−
 
 
−
* Polyoestrous
 
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* The first ovulation in heifers is usually without behavioural oestrus.  This is termed 'silent heat'.
 
−
* Cyclical activity persists except during pregnancy, for 3-6 weeks post-calving and during high milk yield.
 
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* In heifers, the average length of the oestrous cycle is 20 days (18-22).
 
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* In cows, the average length of the oestrous cycle is 21 days (18-24).
 
−
* The average duration of oestrus is ~ 15 hours (2-30 hours).
 
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* The body temperature of dairy cows dalls ~0.5◦C the day before oestrus.  It then increases in oestrus before falling by ~0.3◦C at ovulation.
 
−
* Vaginal pH also fluctuates throughout the oestrous cycle, but is lowest (7.32) on the day of oestrus.
 
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* Ovulation is spontaneous, occuring ~12 hours after the end of oestrus.
 
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* Within 2 days of service, there is yellow-white vulval discharge of mucus.  This contains neutrophil leucocytes from the uterus.
 
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* At ~48 hours post-oestrus, irrespective of service, there is a bright red sanguineous discharge from the uterine caruncles.
 
−
 
 
−
=== Cyclic Changes in the Vagina ===
 
−
 
 
−
The main variations are in the epithelial cells of the anterior vagina and in the secretory function of the cervical glands.
 
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* Oestrus: Anterior vaginal epithelium becomes greatly thickened due to cell division and the growth of the tall, columnar, mucus-secreting superficial cells.
 
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* Dioestrus: Cells of the cranial vaginal epithelium vary from flat to low columnar. Invasion of the vaginal mucosa by leucocytes is maximal 2-5 days after oestrus.
 
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* Copious secretion of mucus by the cervix and anterior vagina begins 1-2 days before oestrus. 
 
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* Secretions diminish to the 4th day after oestrus.
 
−
* Mucus is transparent and flows readily.
 
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* Variations in cervical mucus:
 
−
** During oestrus and for a few days after, crystals are disposed in a distinct aborisation pattern.
 
−
** For the remainder of the cycle this pattern is absent.
 
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** This pattern, and the amount of cervical mucus depends on oestrogen concentration.
 
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* Postoestrous vaginal mucus:
 
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** Floccules of leucocytes
 
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** Blood is frequently present
 
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* Hyperaemia of vaginal and cervical mucosae is progressive during pro-oestrus and oestrus.
 
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* At this time, the protrusion of the cervix into the cranial vagina is relaxed, so that 1-2 fingers can be inserted into the cervical os.
 
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* During metoestrus, there is a rapid reduction in vascularity.
 
−
* From day 3-5 postoestrus:
 
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** Mucosa of the cervix  is pale and quiescent. 
 
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** The external os is constricted.
 
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** Mucus becomes scanty, sticky and pale yellow/brown.
 
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* There are also cyclical changes in the vaginal pH:
 
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** pH falls from 7.0 to 6.72 one day before first signs of behavioural oestrus.
 
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** At the start of oestrus, pH falls again to 6.54.
 
−
 
 
−
=== Cyclic Changes in the  Uterus ===
 
−
 
 
−
* Oestrus:
 
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** Uterus is congested
 
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** Endometrium contains oedematous fluid, which causes its surface to glisten.
 
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** Muscularis is contractile, so when palpated per rectum, the uterus feels turgid and the horns feel erect and coiled.
 
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*** Tonicity is present the day before and the day after oestrus, but is at its maximum during heat.
 
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** Marked increase in vascularity
 
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* 24-48 hours postoestrus:
 
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** Uterine caruncles show petechial haemorrhage.  This gives rise to the discharge of blood from the vagina.
 
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*** In heifers, there is also often perimetral subserous petechiae.
 
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* Dioestrus:
 
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** Endometrium is covered with scanty secretion from the uterine glands.
 
  
−
=== Cyclic Changes in the Ovaries ===
+
* [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|Pharmacological Manipulation of Oestrous Cycles]]
 +
* [[Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology| Oestrus Behaviour and Methods of Oestrus Detection]]
  
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* Usually one follicle ovulates, but twin ovulations occur in 4-5% of cows and triplet ovulations more rarely.
 
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* In dairy cattle 60% of ovulations are from the right ovary, but in beef cattle, they are about the same.
 
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* Size of the ovaries is dependent on the phase of the oestrous cycle.
 
  
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= Links =
+
==Webinars==
 +
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/urogenital-and-reproduction/webinars/feed</rss>
  
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[[Oestrous_Cycle_-Pharmacological_Manipulation_of_Oestrous_Cycles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Pharmacological Manipulation of Oestrous Cycles]]
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[[Category:Oestrous Cycles]]
 +
[[Category:Bullet Points]]

Latest revision as of 20:46, 3 January 2023


Introduction

Ovarian cycles are from oestrus to oestrus. Oestrus is the easily identifiable external marker. It should be noted that Oestrus is the noun and oestrous is the adjective.

Classification of Oestrous Cycles can be done based on vaginal cytology or secretory patterns of the ovary.

Based on Vaginal Cytology

Pro-Oestrus

  • The phase immediately preceding oestrus.
  • Lasts 2-5 days, depending on the species.
  • Marked increase in reproductive activity.
  • Endocrine transition from progesterone to oestrogen dominance under the influence of gonadotrophins LH and FSH.
  • Follicular growth and regression of the corpus luteum of the previous cycle (in polyoestrous species).
  • Uterus enlarges slightly
  • Endometrium becomes congested and oedematous, glands show secretory activity.
  • Vaginal mucous becomes hyperaemic.
    • Increase in cell numbers in the vaginal epithelium.
    • Superficial layers become cornified.
  • The bitch shows external evidence:
    • Vulval oedema
    • Hyperaemia
    • Sanguinous vulval discharge

Oestrus

  • The period where the female will accept the male for copulation.
  • The onset and end of oestrus are the only stages of the oetrous cycle that can be accurately measured. They are therefore used to determine cycle length.
  • Female seeks out the male and 'stands' to be mounted.
  • Uterine, cervical and vaginal glands secrete increased amounts of mucus.
  • Vaginal epithelium and uterine endometrium becomes hyperaemic and congested.
  • Cervix is relaxed
  • Ovulation occurs during this phase in all domestic species except the cow.
    • The cow ovulates ~12 hours after the end of oestrus.
  • Ovulation is spontaneous in all domestic species except the cat, rabbit and camelids. In these species it is induced by the act of copulation.
  • During pro-oestrous and oestrus there is follicular growth with no functional corpora lutea present on the ovary (aka follicular phase).
  • The main ovarian hormone production is Oestrogen.

Metoestrus

  • The phase after oestrus
  • During early metoestrus, both oestrogen and progesterone levels are relatively low.
  • Granulosa cells of the ovulated follicles give rise to lutein cells, which are responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum (luteinisation).
  • Progesterone secretion is detectable soon after ovulation, with significant quantities produced in 2-5 days. This marks a transition from oestrogen to progesterone dominance.
  • Reduction in secretion from uterine, cervical and vaginal glands.

Dioestrus

  • Longest phase of the oestrous cycle, which usually laste 10-14 days in polyoestrous females.
  • The corpus luteum is present on the ovary and secreting large amounts of progesterone. The duration of this phase is directly related to the time that the corpus luteum remains functional.
  • High progesterone levels prompt the uterus to prepare a suitable environment for development of the embryo, and eventual attachment of the conceptus to the endometrium (implantation).
  • Uterine glands undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
  • Cervix becomes constricted
  • Secretions of the tract are scant and sticky.
  • Vaginal mucosa becomes pale.
  • Ends with the regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis).

Anoestrus

  • Genital system is quiescent
  • Follicular development is minimal and corpora lutea have regressed and are non-functional.
  • Secretions are scanty
  • Cervix is constricted
  • Vaginal Mucosa is pale

Based on Secretory Patterns of the Ovary

Follicular Phase

  • Begins after luteolysis, which causes the decline in progesterone.
  • Gonadotrophins LH and FSH are produced, which cause ovarian follicles to produce Oestrogen.
  • Ends at ovulation.
  • Oestrus is designated as day 0.

Luteal Phase

  • Begins after ovulation
  • Includes the development of corpora luta, which produce progesterone.
  • Includes luteolysis, which is brought about by Prostaglandin F2α.

Based on Vaginal Cytology

Proliferative Phase

  • Oestrogen dominant
  • Includes proliferation of the endometrium.

Secretory Phase

  • Progesterone dominant
  • Includes secretions from the uterus, such as 'uterine milk' to sustain the fertilised ovum until implantaion.

Comparative Oestrous Cycles

Species Mare Cow Sow Ewe Bitch Queen
Length of Oestrous Cycle (days) 21 21 21 17 93 Variable
Duration of Oestrus 4-8 days 12-36 hours 48-96 hours 24-48 hours 7-13 days 4-10 days
Duration of Follicular Phase (days) 7 (variable) 4 7 3 18 Variable
Duration of Luteal Phase (days) 14 17 14 14 75 40

Oestrus Cycles in:

Mare
Bitch
Queen
Cow
Ewe
Nanny Goat
Sow

Links


Webinars

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