674
edits
Changes
Lizard and Snake Anaesthesia (view source)
Revision as of 13:59, 6 January 2023
, 13:59, 6 January 2023no edit summary
[[Image:Sqeezbag.jpg|300px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
==Introduction==
Reptiles are becoming more popular pets and so it is becoming increasingly important to understand handling and treatment for these species. They pose a number of different issues compared to that of other domestic species, for example, some may be more dangerous to handle, and so careful selection of agents is required with the ideal providing muscle relaxation, analgesia, easy control and is both safe for personnel as well as the patient. There are also variations in anatomy compared to that of other domestic species. These include the simple sac like structure to lizard and snake lungs.
Reptiles are becoming more popular pets and so it is becoming increasingly important to understand handling and treatment for these species. They pose a number of different issues compared to that of other domestic species, for example, some may be more dangerous to handle, and so careful selection of agents is required with the ideal providing muscle relaxation, analgesia, easy control and is both safe for personnel as well as the patient. There are also variations in anatomy compared to that of other domestic species. These include the simple sac like structure to lizard and snake lungs.
* For information on lizard and snake surgery, see [[Lizard and Snake Surgery|Lizard and Snake Surgery]].
* For information on lizard and snake surgery, see [[Lizard and Snake Surgery|Lizard and Snake Surgery]].
* For information on how to inject a lizard, see [[Lizard Injection|Lizard Injection]].
* For information on how to inject a lizard, see [[Lizard Injection|Lizard Injection]].
==General Considerations==
==General Considerations==
[[Image:Intubation_lizard.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Intubation''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]]
[[Image:Intubation_lizard.jpg|150px|thumb|right|'''Intubation''' (Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Snake_Glottis.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved.]]
[[Image:Snake_Glottis.jpg|200px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
Changes in temperature can affect physiological systems of reptiles and so [[Thermoregulation|temperature regulation]] is an important consideration when any reptile is hospitalised. During any procedure, the patient should ideally be maintained at their optimum temperature. As many anaesthetic agents are metabolised and/or renally [[Lizard and Snake Excretion|excreted]], it is important to maintain the patient's body temperature as these organs can also be affected thereby prolonging recovery from anaesthesia.
Changes in temperature can affect physiological systems of reptiles and so [[Thermoregulation|temperature regulation]] is an important consideration when any reptile is hospitalised. During any procedure, the patient should ideally be maintained at their optimum temperature. As many anaesthetic agents are metabolised and/or renally [[Lizard and Snake Excretion|excreted]], it is important to maintain the patient's body temperature as these organs can also be affected thereby prolonging recovery from anaesthesia.
==Induction==
==Induction==
[[Image:Iv_injections.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved.]]
[[Image:Iv_injections.jpg|200px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
Induction can be by parenteral injection or gaseous inhalation and the anaesthetic agents are the same as used in mammals.
Induction can be by parenteral injection or gaseous inhalation and the anaesthetic agents are the same as used in mammals.
==Monitoring==
==Monitoring==
[[Image:Doppler_iguana.bmp|150px|thumb|right|'''Doppler blood flow monitor positioned for heart sounds''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]]
[[Image:Doppler_iguana.bmp|150px|thumb|right|'''Doppler blood flow monitor positioned for heart sounds''' (Copyright © RVC)]]
[[Image:Doppler_on_little_snake.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved.]]
[[Image:Doppler_on_little_snake.jpg|200px|thumb|right|(Copyright © RVC)]]
Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia can be difficult in reptiles but may of the same reflexes and response can be monitored as in other domestic species.
Monitoring the depth of anaesthesia can be difficult in reptiles but may of the same reflexes and response can be monitored as in other domestic species.
==Recovery==
==Recovery==
Once the procedure is finished and the vaporiser is turned to 0% consider using air for ventilation if the snake has been on 100% oxygen. Spontaneous breathing will return more quickly. Use a dark, quiet post-operative environment within the reptile’s POTZ. Give fluids to maintain hydration.
Once the procedure is finished and the vaporiser is turned to 0% consider using air for ventilation if the snake has been on 100% oxygen. Spontaneous breathing will return more quickly. Use a dark, quiet post-operative environment within the reptile’s [[Preferred optimum temperature zone|preferred optimum temperature zone (POTZ)]]. Give fluids to maintain hydration.
*Doxapram hydrochloride is an effective respiratory stimulant and can be used in apnoeic snakes.
*Doxapram hydrochloride is an effective respiratory stimulant and can be used in apnoeic snakes.
Monitoring of the patient should continue until full normal function is obtained, and provision of oxygen or room air via assisted ventilation may be necessary until spontaneous breathing has returned. The patient may appear to of recovered and then gone back to an "re-anaesthetised" state and rest for periods during recovery. Full recovery may take up to 24 hours.
Monitoring of the patient should continue until full normal function is obtained, and provision of oxygen or room air via assisted ventilation may be necessary until spontaneous breathing has returned. The patient may appear to of recovered and then gone back to an "re-anaesthetised" state and rest for periods during recovery. Full recovery may take up to 24 hours.
[[Category:Lizard and Snake Surgery]]
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=0&q=(title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snake)+OR+title:(lizard)+OR+ab:(lizard)+OR+od:(lizard)+OR+title:(reptile)+OR+ab:(reptile)+OR+od:(reptiles))+AND+(title:(anaesthesia)+OR+title:(anesthesia)+OR+subject:(anaesthesia)+OR+subject:(anesthesia)) Reptile Anaesthesia publications]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093018982.pdf ''' Snake anesthesia and surgery.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 22, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2008, 2008, pp 1767-1771, 5 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121831.pdf '''Anatomic and physiologic considerations for reptile anesthesia.''' Mosley, C. A. E.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1643-1645]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121832.pdf '''Review of current reptile anaesthetic techniques: the do's and don'ts.''' Mosley, C. A. E.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1646-1648]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121833.pdf ''' Update on anaesthetic monitoring devices.''' Mosley, C. A. E.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1649-1651]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181696.pdf '''Reptile anesthesia: wake me when it's over.''' Sladky, K. K.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1704-1707, 10 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093041814.pdf ''' Light anaesthesia in terrapins and lizards.''' Trnkova, S.; Knotkova, Z.; Knotek, Z.; Roberts, V.; British Veterinary Zoological Society, Romford, UK, British Veterinary Zoological Society Proceedings of the November Meeting 2007. The University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Nottingham, UK, 10th-11th November, 2007. Recent advances in comparative medicine, 2007, pp 28-29, 10 ref.]
}}
{{review}}
==Webinars==
<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/anaesthesia-and-analgesia/webinars/feed</rss>
[[Category:Lizard Procedures|C]]
[[Category:Snake Procedures|C]]
[[Category:Anaesthesia]]