Difference between revisions of "Soft Palate"

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<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
  
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The soft palate (velum palatine) is located caudally to the [[Hard Palate|hard palate]] and is composed of muscle. It is involved in tasting food and in [[deglutition]].
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The soft palate (velum palatine) is located caudally to the [[Hard Palate - Anatomy & Physiology|hard palate]]. It is comprised of muscle and is involved in tasting food and in [[deglutition]].
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[[Image:Hard and Soft Palate Anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft Palate - Copyright University of Nottingham 2008]]
 
 
==Structure and Function==
 
==Structure and Function==
  
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The soft palate is made of striated palatine muscle and has very folded mucosa. It contacts the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Epiglottis|epiglottis]] caudally.
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*Muscle
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*Contacts [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]] caudally
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*Very folded mucosa
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*Striated palatine muscle
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==Histology==
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[[Image:Soft Palate Mouse.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Soft Palate (Mouse) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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*Respiratory mucosa - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium on aboral surface
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*Stratified squamous epithelium on oral surface
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*[[Palatine|Palatine]] salivary glands
  
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[[Image:Soft Palate XS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft Palate Cross-section - Copyright RVC]]
 
 
==Musculature and Innervation==
 
==Musculature and Innervation==
  
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The soft palate transmits sensation and taste via the glossopharyngeal ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]) nerve.
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*Sensation and taste from glossopharyngeal ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN IX]])  
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===Palatine muscle===
 
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The origin of the palatine muscle is the hard palate transeverse ridges and the insertion site is the soft palate. The muscle shortens the palate and recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and minor innervation from the glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]). 
 
  
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===Tensor velli palatini muscle===
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*Palatine muscle
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The origin of the tensor velli palatini muscle is  near the tympanic bulla on the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Temporal Bone (os temporale)|temporal bone]]. The insertion site is the lateral aponeurosis. It tenses the soft palate.
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**Origin: hard palate transeverse ridges
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[[Image:Pharynx Anatomy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft palate - Copyright C.Clarkson and T.F.Fletcher University of Minnesota]]
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**Insertion: soft palate
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**Shortens palate
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**Major innervation from vagus nerve ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN X]]) **Minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN IX]])
  
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===Levator velli palatini muscle===
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*Tensor velli palatini
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The origin of the levator velli palatini muscle is near the tympanic bulla on the temporal bone. The insertion site is the lateral aponeurosis. It raises the soft palate and recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and minor from the glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]).
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**Origin: near tympanic bulla on temporal bone
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**Insertion: lateral aponeurosis
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**Pharyngeal arch 1
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**Mandibular of trigeminal ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN V3]])  
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**Tenses soft palate
  
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===Palatopharyngeus muscle===
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*Levator velli palatini
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The palatopharyngeus muscle closes the palatopharyngeal arch, and therefore lifts the soft palate. It recieves major innervation from the vagus nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN X]]) and minor innervation from the glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|CN IX]]).
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**Origin: near tympanic bulla on temporal bone
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**Insertion: lateral aponeurosis
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**Raises soft palate
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**Major innervation from vagus nerve ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN X]]) and minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN IX]])  
  
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==Histology==
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*Palatopharyngeus
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[[Image:Soft Palate Mouse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soft Palate (Mouse) - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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**closes palatopharyngeal arch and therefore lift soft palate
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The soft palate contains respiratory mucosa - '''ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium''' on the aboral surface. There is '''stratified squamous epithelium''' on the oral surface. The soft palate also contains [[Palatine Gland - Anatomy & Physiology|palatine]] salivary glands.
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**Major innervation from vagus nerve ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN X]])
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**Minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve ([[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation - Cranial Nerves|CN IX]])
  
 
==Species Differences==
 
==Species Differences==
  
 
===Porcine===
 
===Porcine===
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The soft palate does not contact the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology#Epiglottis|epiglottis]] as the porcine soft palate is raised higher in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity ]] than in other species.
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*Soft palate does not contact the [[Epiglottis|epiglottis]] as the porcine soft palate is raised higher in the [[Oral Cavity Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|oral cavity ]] than in other species
  
 
===Equine===
 
===Equine===
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The tight laryngeal cuff around the laryngeal entrance, and therefore the soft palate cannot be raised for long periods of time and thus horses are nasal breathers. Laryngeal cuffing prevents [[Vomiting|vomiting]].
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*Tight laryngeal cuff around the laryngeal entrance therefore the soft palate cannot be raised for long periods of time and thus horses are nasal breathers
  
 
===Canine===
 
===Canine===
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As brachiocephalic breeds have a shortened skull length, the soft palate can often obstruct air flow into the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|larynx]] causing breathing difficulties.
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*As brachiocephalic breeds have a shortened skull length, the soft palate often obstruct air flow into the [[Larynx - Anatomy & Physiology|larynx]] causing breathing difficulties
  
 
===Avian===
 
===Avian===
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Birds lack a soft palate.
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*Birds lack a soft palate
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{{Learning
 
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|flashcards= [[Soft Palate Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards]]<br>[[Facial_Muscles_-_Musculoskeletal_-_Flashcards|Facial muscle]]
 
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|powerpoints= [[Oral Cavity Histology resource|Histology of the oral cavity - part 1 features the soft palate]]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis00954.asp Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome]
 
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[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Technique/teq00674.asp Cleft Palate Repair]
 
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[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Freeform/fre00744.asp Radiology of Upper Airways]
 
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[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Freeform/fre00616.asp Soft Palate Elongated]
 
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[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Technique/teq00653.asp Soft Palate Resection]
 
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}}
 
  
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==Webinars==
 
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/gastroenterology-and-nutrition/webinars/feed</rss>
 
  
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[[Category:Oral Cavity - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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<big><center>[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|'''BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY''']]</center></big>

Revision as of 10:36, 23 July 2008

BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Introduction

The soft palate (velum palatine) is located caudally to the hard palate. It is comprised of muscle and is involved in tasting food and in deglutition.


Structure and Function

  • Muscle
  • Very folded mucosa
  • Striated palatine muscle


Histology

Soft Palate (Mouse) - Copyright RVC 2008
  • Respiratory mucosa - ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium on aboral surface
  • Stratified squamous epithelium on oral surface

Musculature and Innervation

  • Sensation and taste from glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
  • Palatine muscle
    • Origin: hard palate transeverse ridges
    • Insertion: soft palate
    • Shortens palate
    • Major innervation from vagus nerve (CN X) **Minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Tensor velli palatini
    • Origin: near tympanic bulla on temporal bone
    • Insertion: lateral aponeurosis
    • Pharyngeal arch 1
    • Mandibular of trigeminal (CN V3)
    • Tenses soft palate
  • Levator velli palatini
    • Origin: near tympanic bulla on temporal bone
    • Insertion: lateral aponeurosis
    • Raises soft palate
    • Major innervation from vagus nerve (CN X) and minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX)
  • Palatopharyngeus
    • closes palatopharyngeal arch and therefore lift soft palate
    • Major innervation from vagus nerve (CN X)
    • Minor from glossopgaryngeal nerve (CN IX)

Species Differences

Porcine

  • Soft palate does not contact the epiglottis as the porcine soft palate is raised higher in the oral cavity than in other species

Equine

  • Tight laryngeal cuff around the laryngeal entrance therefore the soft palate cannot be raised for long periods of time and thus horses are nasal breathers

Canine

  • As brachiocephalic breeds have a shortened skull length, the soft palate often obstruct air flow into the larynx causing breathing difficulties

Avian

  • Birds lack a soft palate


BACK TO ALIMENTARY - ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
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