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Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology - Flashcards (view source)
Revision as of 15:03, 26 July 2008
, 15:03, 26 July 2008p
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What type of gland is the pancreas?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Tubuloalveolar'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''From which embryological germ layer does the pancreas develop from?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Endoderm, except the connective tissue which develops from splanchnic mesoderm'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''Does the pancreatic duct develop from the dorsal or ventral bud?'''
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Ventral'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Development|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''Where do the ducts of the pancreas open into?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Duodenum; the pancreatic duct opens at the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct; the accessory duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What are the functions of the exocrine part of the pancreas?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Produces a secretion that is alkaline to neutralise stomach acid and contains enzymes for digestion'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''Which ions are present withtin the secretion of the pancreas?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Bicarbonate and chloride'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''Why does stomach acid need to be neutralised?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''To provide the optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, to prevent damage to the thin, absorptive mucosa of the duodenum and to buffer the large intestine'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Exocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''Name the cell types present in the islets of Langerhans'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Alpha, beta, delta and F cells'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What is the antagonist hormone to insulin and what does it do?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Glucagon, it raises blood glucose level'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What is the function of somatostatin?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''It inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Endocrine Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on glucagon secretion?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Increases it'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on body reserves?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Catabolic'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What is the main target tissue of glucagon?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Liver'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What other tissues does glucagon have an effect on?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''Which enzyme does glucagon inactivate in glycolysis?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Pyruvate kinase'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''How does glucagon inactivate this enyme?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Phosphorylation via PKA'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on adipose tissue?'''
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Increases β oxidation of fatty acids'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the three parts of the colon?'''
|<big>'''What effect does glucagon have on skeletal muscle?'''
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Ascending, transverse and descending'''''
*'''''Increases the rate of protein catabolism'''''
||[[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''How may ketosis occur during fasting?'''
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*'''''The citric acid cycle turns slowly as oxaloacetate is removed to make glucose. Acetyl CoA builds up and is converted to ketone bodies'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Glucagon|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Describe the structure of insulin.'''
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*'''''A & B chains linked by disulphide bridges'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Describe the mechanism that causes insulin to be released.'''
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*'''''Glucose enters the β cell through GLUT 2 and is metabolised. ATP depolarises the plasma membrane which leads to calcium signalling causing release of insulin'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''How does insulin enable glucose to be taken up by heptaocytes, adipocytes and skeletal muscle?'''
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*'''''It causes expression of GLUT 4'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What effect does insulin have on basal metabolic rate?'''
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*'''''Increases it in all cells'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?'''
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*'''''Glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, ketosis and ketonuria'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the two causes of diabetes mellitus in dogs?'''
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*'''''β cell deficiency (mainly) and insulin antagonism'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the two types of diabetes in cats?'''
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*'''''IDDM and NIDDM'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Diabetes Mellitus|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What are the two arteries that supply blood to the pancreas?'''
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*'''''Coeliac (left lobe) and cranial mesenteric (right lobe)'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Insulin|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Which hormones increase pancreatic secretion?'''
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*'''''CCK, secretin and gastrin'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Innervation|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Which lymph nodes does lymph from the pancreas drain into?'''
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*'''''Pancreatoduodenal'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Lymphatics|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Describe the components of the exocrine pancreas.'''
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*'''''Acini, which consist of 40-50 pyramidal epithelial cells which drain into a lumen'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''What is present in the apex of the epithelial cells?'''
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*'''''Secretory granules containing the zymogen precursors of the pancreatic enzymes'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Which cell type in the islet of Langerhan's produce somatostatin?'''
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*'''''δ cells'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Where does the right lobe of the pancreas exits?'''
||<font color="white"> <big>
*'''''Mesoduodenum'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''In the dog, which of the two ducts of the pancreas is bigger?'''
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*'''''Accessory'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''How many ducts of the pancreas does the cat have?'''
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*'''''One, the pancreatic duct'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Carnivore|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''In which animal group in particular is there a constant secretion of pancreatic juice?'''
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*'''''Ruminants'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminants|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|<big>'''Which shape is the horse's pancreas?'''
||<font color="white"> <big>
*'''''Triangular'''''
||[[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology#Equine|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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