*Cutaneous arteries constrict - ''Vasoconstriction''. This minimises heat loss from the blood to the body surface.
*Cutaneous arteries constrict - ''Vasoconstriction''. This minimises heat loss from the blood to the body surface.
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*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology|Hairs]] on the skin are raised involuntarily by the ''arrector pili''
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*[[Hair - Anatomy & Physiology|Hairs]] on the skin are raised involuntarily by the ''arrector pili'' muscles attached to each hair follicle. This layer acts as an insulator, trapping heat.
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*Increased Heat Production - muscles receive messages from the brain causing shivering. This causes increased heat production as the muscle cells respire.
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*Respiration - this may be increased as respiration is an exothermic reaction.