Difference between revisions of "Lungs Developmental - Pathology"

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*Congenital abnormalities of lungs are very rare, but most common in cattle
 +
*Most congenital abnormalities are incompatible with life
 +
 +
 +
===Accessory lungs===
 +
 +
*Most common developmental disorder, especially in cattle
 +
*Incompletely differentiated pulmonary tissue present anywhere in the trunk
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Lobulated oedematous masses
 +
**May be connected to uper alimentary tract
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Dialated structures resembling bronchioles
 +
**Alveoli and ducts developed to varying degree
 +
*May cause birthing difficulties
 +
 +
 +
===Ciliary dyskinesia===
 +
 +
*See [[Nasal Cavity Developmental - Pathology#Ciliary dyskinesia|Nasal cavity]]
 +
 +
 +
===Congenital melanosis===
 +
 +
*Affects pigs and ruminants
 +
*Is not clinically significant, often found at slaughter house
 +
*Black spots in various organs, including lungs
 +
*See [[General Pathology - Pigmentation and Calcification#Melanin|melanosis in general pathology]]
 +
 +
 +
===Congenital atelectasis===
 +
 +
*Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth (congenital) or collapse of previously air-filled lung ([[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|acquired]])
 +
*Failure of lung tissue to expand at birth
 +
*Ranges from total in stillborn animals to patchy areas in the case of weak neonates, showing more in the dependant lobes in recumbency
 +
*'''The neonatal respiratory syndrome'''
 +
**Best documented in foals but reported in other species
 +
**Also features extensive atelectasis
 +
**These animals are called 'barkers' due to the noise made during forced expiration
 +
*Gross pathology:
 +
**Red fleshy appearance to the affected part, depressed below the surface if there are adjacent normal aerated areas
 +
**Cut surface oozes blood, perhaps some froth in 'barkers'
 +
**Affected areas sink or are submerged in fixative
 +
*Micro pathology:
 +
**Close approximation of capillary walls
 +
**Little normal alveolar pattern
 +
**'Barkers' may have a proteinaceous fluid in alveoli with hyaline membranes in lower airways
 +
*Cause:
 +
**In weak neonates -inadequate respiratory effort or damage to the respiratory centres in the brain, aspiration of amniotic fluid or meconium
 +
**In 'barkers'- defective production of surfactant by the Type 2 alveolar epithelium
 +
*Foals that survive may have hypoxic damage to their brain, walk aimlessly and lack normal sense of fear - "wanderers"
 +
 +
 +
===Congenital lobar emphysema===
 +
 +
*See [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Developmental - Pathology#Congenital lobar emphysema|congenital lobar emphysema]]
 +
 +
 +
===Pulmonary hypoplasia===
 +
 +
*Mostly associated with [[Peritoneal cavity - developmental#Pleuroperitoneal diaphragmatic hernia|congenital diaphragmatic hernia]]
 +
 +
 +
===Congenital alveolar dysplasia===
 +
 +
*Most common in dogs
 +
*Grossly:
 +
**Lungs retain fetal appearance and are poorly aerated
 +
*Histologically:
 +
**Uneven size and shape of alveoli, smaller number overall
 +
**Dilated blood vessels within extensive interstitial tissue
 +
*It is possible that in utero infection may contribute to this

Revision as of 12:30, 20 August 2008

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()Map CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Map)
LUNGS



  • Congenital abnormalities of lungs are very rare, but most common in cattle
  • Most congenital abnormalities are incompatible with life


Accessory lungs

  • Most common developmental disorder, especially in cattle
  • Incompletely differentiated pulmonary tissue present anywhere in the trunk
  • Grossly:
    • Lobulated oedematous masses
    • May be connected to uper alimentary tract
  • Histologically:
    • Dialated structures resembling bronchioles
    • Alveoli and ducts developed to varying degree
  • May cause birthing difficulties


Ciliary dyskinesia


Congenital melanosis

  • Affects pigs and ruminants
  • Is not clinically significant, often found at slaughter house
  • Black spots in various organs, including lungs
  • See melanosis in general pathology


Congenital atelectasis

  • Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth (congenital) or collapse of previously air-filled lung (acquired)
  • Failure of lung tissue to expand at birth
  • Ranges from total in stillborn animals to patchy areas in the case of weak neonates, showing more in the dependant lobes in recumbency
  • The neonatal respiratory syndrome
    • Best documented in foals but reported in other species
    • Also features extensive atelectasis
    • These animals are called 'barkers' due to the noise made during forced expiration
  • Gross pathology:
    • Red fleshy appearance to the affected part, depressed below the surface if there are adjacent normal aerated areas
    • Cut surface oozes blood, perhaps some froth in 'barkers'
    • Affected areas sink or are submerged in fixative
  • Micro pathology:
    • Close approximation of capillary walls
    • Little normal alveolar pattern
    • 'Barkers' may have a proteinaceous fluid in alveoli with hyaline membranes in lower airways
  • Cause:
    • In weak neonates -inadequate respiratory effort or damage to the respiratory centres in the brain, aspiration of amniotic fluid or meconium
    • In 'barkers'- defective production of surfactant by the Type 2 alveolar epithelium
  • Foals that survive may have hypoxic damage to their brain, walk aimlessly and lack normal sense of fear - "wanderers"


Congenital lobar emphysema


Pulmonary hypoplasia


Congenital alveolar dysplasia

  • Most common in dogs
  • Grossly:
    • Lungs retain fetal appearance and are poorly aerated
  • Histologically:
    • Uneven size and shape of alveoli, smaller number overall
    • Dilated blood vessels within extensive interstitial tissue
  • It is possible that in utero infection may contribute to this
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