Difference between revisions of "Rumination"

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==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==
  
Rumination is the process of digestion in the ruminant. It involves three simplified processes. the first is regurgitation . The second is re-mastication, which increases the surface area of food particles for digestion through further mechanical breakdown, and the third is reinsalivation. Reinsalivation increases the volume of saliva produced (whilst chewing) and allows minerals to be recycled. Saliva is an important buffer in relation to rumen pH.
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Rumination is the process of digestion in the ruminant. It involves three simplified processes. the first is regurgitation which increases the surface area of food particles for digestion through further mechanical breakdown. The second is re-[[Mastication|mastication]] and the third reinsalivation. Reinsalivation increases the volume of saliva produced whilst chewing and allows minerals to be recycled.
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==Process==
 
==Process==
  
[[Image:Diagram of ruminating contractions.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Diagram of ruminating contractions - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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[[Image:Diagram of ruminating contractions.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Diagram of ruminating contractions - Copyright RVC 2008]]
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*Reflex initiated by mechanical stimlation of the receptors in the mucosa of the [[The Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]], ruminoreticular fold and cardiac area of the [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]
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*Frequency of contractions depends on the animal's activity
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*E.g. Cattle fed on hay or straw have the most frequent contractions at 79-100 per hour during feeding, 55-76 per hour during rumination
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*E.g. Cattle that are resting (not feeding or ruminating) only have contractions 47-80 per hour
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*Discrete reticular contraction preceedes biphasic ruminal contraction (see [[The Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminoreticular contraction|ruminoreticular contractions]])
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*Rumination depends upon the coordination of the stomach movements with the thoracic wall and throat
  
The reflex is initiated by mechanical stimulation of the receptors in the mucosa of the [[Reticulum - Anatomy & Physiology|reticulum]], ruminoreticular fold and cardiac area of the [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology|rumen]]. Frequency of contractions depends on the animal's feeding activity and diet contents. E.g. Cattle fed on hay or straw have the most frequent contractions at 79-100 per hour during feeding, 55-76 per hour during rumination. On the other hand,  cattle that are resting (not feeding or ruminating) only have contractions at 47-80 per hour. Discrete reticular contraction precedes biphasic ruminal contraction (see [[Rumen - Anatomy & Physiology#Ruminoreticular contraction|ruminoreticular contractions]]).
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*Associated with inspiration against a closed glottis creating a negative pressure in the thorax allowing ingesta to be drawn into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]
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*Ingesta carried orally via an antiperistaltic wave
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*Controlled by rumination centres in the hypothalamus
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*Fibre increases stomach motility
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*Increase in [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] decrease stomach motility
  
Regurgitation depends upon the coordination of the stomach movements with the thoracic wall and throat: inspiration against a closed glottis creating a negative pressure in the thorax - allowing ingesta to be drawn into the [[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|oesophagus]]. Ingesta is carried to the oral cavity via an antiperistaltic wave. The process is controlled by rumination centres in the hypothalamus. Fibre increases stomach motility (type and length of fibre is important). An increase in [[Volatile Fatty Acids|volatile fatty acids]] decreases stomach motility.
 
  
 
==Function==
 
==Function==
  
The function of rumination is to decrease particle size, increase surface area for microbial digestion, break down impervious plant coatings and mix food. It introduces saliva as an aid to maintaining rumen pH. Coarseness of the ration influences the amount of time spent in rumination. Cattle ruminate for up to 10 hours per day. For example cattle fed hay diet spend roughly 8 hours per day ruminating; cattle fed ground dried grass diet spend roughly 5-9 hours per day ruminating and on concentrate diet spend roughly 2.5 hours per day ruminating. (Cattle claw health has been linked to the time cattle spend grazing versus ruminating).
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*Decrease particle size
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*Increase surface area for microbial digestion
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*Breaks down impervious plant coatings
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*Mixes food
  
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*Courseness of the ration influences the amount of time spent in rumination
[[Category:Stomach - Anatomy & Physiology]]
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**Cattle ruminate for up to 10 hours per day
[[Category:A&P Done]]
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**E.g. Hay diet spends roughly 8 hours per day ruminating
[[Category:Alimentary Anatomy - Cattle]]
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**E.g. Ground dried grass diet spends roughly 5-9 hours per day ruminating
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**E.g. Concentrate diet spends roughly 2.5 hours per day ruminating

Revision as of 21:47, 2 September 2008

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()Map ALIMENTARY SYSTEM (Map)
THE RUMEN



Introduction

Rumination is the process of digestion in the ruminant. It involves three simplified processes. the first is regurgitation which increases the surface area of food particles for digestion through further mechanical breakdown. The second is re-mastication and the third reinsalivation. Reinsalivation increases the volume of saliva produced whilst chewing and allows minerals to be recycled.


Process

Diagram of ruminating contractions - Copyright RVC 2008
  • Reflex initiated by mechanical stimlation of the receptors in the mucosa of the reticulum, ruminoreticular fold and cardiac area of the rumen
  • Frequency of contractions depends on the animal's activity
  • E.g. Cattle fed on hay or straw have the most frequent contractions at 79-100 per hour during feeding, 55-76 per hour during rumination
  • E.g. Cattle that are resting (not feeding or ruminating) only have contractions 47-80 per hour
  • Rumination depends upon the coordination of the stomach movements with the thoracic wall and throat
  • Associated with inspiration against a closed glottis creating a negative pressure in the thorax allowing ingesta to be drawn into the oesophagus
  • Ingesta carried orally via an antiperistaltic wave
  • Controlled by rumination centres in the hypothalamus
  • Fibre increases stomach motility


Function

  • Decrease particle size
  • Increase surface area for microbial digestion
  • Breaks down impervious plant coatings
  • Mixes food
  • Courseness of the ration influences the amount of time spent in rumination
    • Cattle ruminate for up to 10 hours per day
    • E.g. Hay diet spends roughly 8 hours per day ruminating
    • E.g. Ground dried grass diet spends roughly 5-9 hours per day ruminating
    • E.g. Concentrate diet spends roughly 2.5 hours per day ruminating