Difference between revisions of "Mites"

From WikiVet English
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Redirected page to Category:Mites)
(66 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
#REDIRECT[[:Category:Mites]]
+
{{unfinished}}
 +
 
 +
{{toplink
 +
|backcolour =
 +
|linkpage =Parasites
 +
|linktext =PARASITES
 +
|pagetype=Bugs
 +
|sublink1=Arachnida
 +
|subtext1=ARACHNIDA
 +
}}
 +
<br>
 +
 
 +
==Astigmata Introduction==
 +
 
 +
Mites are one of the most successful and divers vertebrate group. The species of veterinary importance are parasitic, although a few non-parasitic mites are also important, such as orbatid and forage mites.
 +
 
 +
Mites are very small, on average under 0.3mm in length and for this reason often go unnoticed. They spend the majority of their life cycle '''on''' the host and cause '''mange'''.
 +
 
 +
The taxonomy of mites is complex as there are over 8 families. In this article the families are split according to their location on the host into sub-surface (burrowing) and surface (non-burrowing) mites.
 +
 
 +
==Burrowing Mites==
 +
 
 +
===Sarcoptidae===
 +
====''Sarcoptes''====
 +
 
 +
'''Recognition'''
 +
*Small, round mite
 +
 
 +
*Short legs
 +
**Project only a short distance from body margin
 +
 
 +
*Dorsal spines
 +
**Arranged in rows
 +
 
 +
*Dorsal spines
 +
 
 +
*Terminal anus
 +
 
 +
'''Life Cycle'''
 +
*3 weeks life cycle
 +
 
 +
*Female lays eggs in epidermis in an '''egg laying pocket'''
 +
 
 +
*Female feeds on liquid ozzing from damaged tissue
 +
 
 +
*The eggs hatch in 1 week
 +
 
 +
*'''6 legged''' larvae released which crawl to skin surface
 +
 
 +
*The larvae then burrow back into the epidermis into '''moulting pockets'''
 +
 
 +
*Larvae moult to become '''8 legged''' nymphs
 +
 
 +
*Nymphs moult twice before becoming adults
 +
 
 +
*Adult males emerge and look for females for mating
 +
 
 +
'''Transmission'''
 +
 
 +
*Close contact
 +
 
 +
*Adults and larvae can be transferred from one skin surface to another
 +
 
 +
'''Pathogenesis'''
 +
 
 +
*Erthema with papule formation
 +
 
 +
*Scale and crust formation
 +
**Alopecia
 +
 
 +
*Intense pruritis for one week
 +
**Self-inflicted trauma
 +
**Scab formation
 +
 
 +
*Wrinkling anf thickening of skin
 +
 
 +
*Hypersensitivity may develop
 +
**Rash develops
 +
 
 +
*''Sarcoptes scabiei
 +
**In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Scabies|scabies]]
 +
 
 +
*Strains of ''S. scabiei'' can be passed between different animals and cause clinical signs although the infection is likely to resolve spontaneously and be unlikely to establish
 +
 
 +
'''Diagnisis'''
 +
 
 +
*Skin scraping until capillary blood appears
 +
**Adults, eggs, immature mites and faecal pellets looked for
 +
 
 +
*Place material on a microscope slide
 +
 
 +
*Add 10% KOH
 +
 
 +
*Warm slide over bunson flame
 +
 
 +
'''Treatment'''
 +
 
 +
*Acaricide
 +
**For more information on acaricides click [[Ectoparasiticides|here]]
 +
 
 +
*Treat both infected and in-contact animals
 +
 
 +
*Older products have to be given in repeat treatments
 +
 
 +
*Avermectins are effective in farm animals
 +
 
 +
*Selamectin is available as a good spot-on for dogs
 +
 
 +
*Control for pigs:
 +
**Treat sows before entering the farrowing pen
 +
**Treat boars at 6 month intervals
 +
 
 +
=====Sarcoptic Mange=====
 +
'''Dogs'''
 +
*Highly contagious
 +
 
 +
*Intense pruritis
 +
 
 +
*First signs appear at edges of ears, then progresses to muzzle, face and elbows
 +
 
 +
'''Cats'''
 +
*Rare
 +
 
 +
'''Pigs'''
 +
*Important condition as 35% pigs are asymptomatic carriers
 +
 
 +
*First signs of infestation appear on the ears before spreading to the rest of the body
 +
 
 +
*Transmission from sow to piglets whilst suckling and from boars to gilts at service
 +
 
 +
*Infestation adversely affects productivity
 +
 
 +
'''Cattle'''
 +
*Most frequently seen in housed cattle
 +
 
 +
*Notifiable in USA and Canada
 +
 
 +
*Often called 'neck and tail mange' as lesions most often seen on neck and tail
 +
 
 +
*Infestation adversely affects productivity
 +
 
 +
'''Sheep'''
 +
*Notifiable in UK
 +
 
 +
*Lesions on hairy parts of face
 +
**E.g. Face, ears, axillae and groin
 +
 
 +
*Causes considerable hide damage in local African breeds of long haired sheep
 +
 
 +
'''Horses'''
 +
*Notifiable in UK
 +
 
 +
*Lesions begin on head, neck and shoulders then spread to rest of body
 +
 
 +
====''Knemidocoptes''====
 +
 
 +
*'''K. mutans'''
 +
**Scaly leg in poultry
 +
 
 +
*'''K. pilae'''
 +
**Scaly leg in psittacines
 +
 
 +
===''Trixacarus''===
 +
 
 +
===''Demodex''===
 +
*''Demodex'' in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Demodicosis|demodicosis]]
 +
 
 +
===''Notoedres''===
 +
*''Notoedres cati'' in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Notoedric mites|notoedric skin infestation]]
 +
 
 +
==Non-Burrowing Mites==
 +
 
 +
===''Psoroptes''===
 +
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Psoroptic mites|psoroptic skin infestation]]
 +
 
 +
====''Psoroptes cuniculi''====
 +
*Parasite of rabbits
 +
*Epizootiology
 +
**Common among conventional rabbits; transmitted via contact.
 +
*Clinical
 +
**The ears are painful and itch intensely; affected rabbits shake their heads and scratch their ears. The inner surfaces of the pinnae are covered with brown, scaly, fetid material, and the skin beneath is raw. Mites are grossly visible.
 +
*Pathology
 +
**Histologically, there is chronic erosive and proliferative eosinophilic dermatitis. The mites are non-burrowing and thus are found only in the exudate, not in the tissue.
 +
*Diagnosis
 +
**Appearance; examination for mites (low magnification).
 +
*Control
 +
**Infestations are difficult to eliminate from a colony, although ivermectin is said to be effective.
 +
 
 +
===''Chorioptes bovis''===
 +
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Chorioptic mites|skin infestation]]
 +
 
 +
===''Otodectes cynotis''===
 +
*in [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Otodectic mites|otodectic skin infestation]]
 +
 
 +
===''Cheyletiella'' sp.===
 +
 
 +
*''Cheyletiella yasguri''
 +
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Cheyletiellosis|skin infestation]]
 +
 
 +
===''Dermanyssus''===
 +
 
 +
===''Ornithonyssus''===
 +
 
 +
===''Trombicula''===
 +
 
 +
*In [[Parasitic skin infections - Pathology#Trombiculidiasis|skin infestation]]
 +
 
 +
===''Leporacarus''===
 +
 
 +
===Forage Mites===
 +
 
 +
===''Varroa''===

Revision as of 18:08, 30 October 2008


 This article is still under construction.


Infectious agents and parasitesWikiBugs Banner.png
PARASITES
ARACHNIDA



Astigmata Introduction

Mites are one of the most successful and divers vertebrate group. The species of veterinary importance are parasitic, although a few non-parasitic mites are also important, such as orbatid and forage mites.

Mites are very small, on average under 0.3mm in length and for this reason often go unnoticed. They spend the majority of their life cycle on the host and cause mange.

The taxonomy of mites is complex as there are over 8 families. In this article the families are split according to their location on the host into sub-surface (burrowing) and surface (non-burrowing) mites.

Burrowing Mites

Sarcoptidae

Sarcoptes

Recognition

  • Small, round mite
  • Short legs
    • Project only a short distance from body margin
  • Dorsal spines
    • Arranged in rows
  • Dorsal spines
  • Terminal anus

Life Cycle

  • 3 weeks life cycle
  • Female lays eggs in epidermis in an egg laying pocket
  • Female feeds on liquid ozzing from damaged tissue
  • The eggs hatch in 1 week
  • 6 legged larvae released which crawl to skin surface
  • The larvae then burrow back into the epidermis into moulting pockets
  • Larvae moult to become 8 legged nymphs
  • Nymphs moult twice before becoming adults
  • Adult males emerge and look for females for mating

Transmission

  • Close contact
  • Adults and larvae can be transferred from one skin surface to another

Pathogenesis

  • Erthema with papule formation
  • Scale and crust formation
    • Alopecia
  • Intense pruritis for one week
    • Self-inflicted trauma
    • Scab formation
  • Wrinkling anf thickening of skin
  • Hypersensitivity may develop
    • Rash develops
  • Strains of S. scabiei can be passed between different animals and cause clinical signs although the infection is likely to resolve spontaneously and be unlikely to establish

Diagnisis

  • Skin scraping until capillary blood appears
    • Adults, eggs, immature mites and faecal pellets looked for
  • Place material on a microscope slide
  • Add 10% KOH
  • Warm slide over bunson flame

Treatment

  • Acaricide
    • For more information on acaricides click here
  • Treat both infected and in-contact animals
  • Older products have to be given in repeat treatments
  • Avermectins are effective in farm animals
  • Selamectin is available as a good spot-on for dogs
  • Control for pigs:
    • Treat sows before entering the farrowing pen
    • Treat boars at 6 month intervals
Sarcoptic Mange

Dogs

  • Highly contagious
  • Intense pruritis
  • First signs appear at edges of ears, then progresses to muzzle, face and elbows

Cats

  • Rare

Pigs

  • Important condition as 35% pigs are asymptomatic carriers
  • First signs of infestation appear on the ears before spreading to the rest of the body
  • Transmission from sow to piglets whilst suckling and from boars to gilts at service
  • Infestation adversely affects productivity

Cattle

  • Most frequently seen in housed cattle
  • Notifiable in USA and Canada
  • Often called 'neck and tail mange' as lesions most often seen on neck and tail
  • Infestation adversely affects productivity

Sheep

  • Notifiable in UK
  • Lesions on hairy parts of face
    • E.g. Face, ears, axillae and groin
  • Causes considerable hide damage in local African breeds of long haired sheep

Horses

  • Notifiable in UK
  • Lesions begin on head, neck and shoulders then spread to rest of body

Knemidocoptes

  • K. mutans
    • Scaly leg in poultry
  • K. pilae
    • Scaly leg in psittacines

Trixacarus

Demodex

Notoedres

Non-Burrowing Mites

Psoroptes

Psoroptes cuniculi

  • Parasite of rabbits
  • Epizootiology
    • Common among conventional rabbits; transmitted via contact.
  • Clinical
    • The ears are painful and itch intensely; affected rabbits shake their heads and scratch their ears. The inner surfaces of the pinnae are covered with brown, scaly, fetid material, and the skin beneath is raw. Mites are grossly visible.
  • Pathology
    • Histologically, there is chronic erosive and proliferative eosinophilic dermatitis. The mites are non-burrowing and thus are found only in the exudate, not in the tissue.
  • Diagnosis
    • Appearance; examination for mites (low magnification).
  • Control
    • Infestations are difficult to eliminate from a colony, although ivermectin is said to be effective.

Chorioptes bovis

Otodectes cynotis

Cheyletiella sp.

Dermanyssus

Ornithonyssus

Trombicula

Leporacarus

Forage Mites

Varroa

Retrieved from "https://en.wikivet.net/index.php?title=Mites&oldid=40988"