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| − | == Introduction ==
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| − | Until 1978 Parvovirus enteritis was totally unknown in dogs - it was first seen in dogs in Australia where it appeared very similar but perhaps slightly worse than the [[Feline Panleucopenia|disease seen in the cat]]. Research revealed a new and distinct disease, but the virus is very closely related to the feline virus; viral DNA is 98% homologous to the feline virus. Clinically, the virus causes enteritis mainly affecting the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] in young dogs over 6 weeks old and [[Myocarditis|myocarditis]] in puppies. The virus is transmitted orally. Vaccines are very effective, but the virus is hardy and survives for a protracted time in the environment.
| + | {{toplink |
| − | | + | |linkpage =Viruses |
| − | | + | |linktext =VIRUSES |
| − | == Antigenicity ==
| + | |sublink1=Parvoviridae |
| − | | + | |subtext1=PARVOVIRUSES |
| − | Two canine viruses have been identified, these are:
| + | |pagetype =Bugs |
| − | *Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent and ubiquitous in the canine population
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| − | *Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): a new virus that emerged in the late 1970's. Antigenic variants do naturally occur.
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| − | == Pathogenesis == | |
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| − | Oropharyngeal infection is followed by '''viraemia'''. Subsequently there are two distinct syndromes depending on the age of the animal:
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| − | #'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks - the virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium leading to sudden death, or '''fading puppy''' syndrome. This is now rare due to widespread passive immunity.
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| − | #'''Enteritis''' in puppies 6 weeks of age. The virus targets intestinal crypts, causing the villi to shorten and the destruction of crypt cells, leading to gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or [[Gastroenteritis, Haemorrhagic|hemorrhagic enteritis]]. CPV has a high morbidity but low mortality (10%) rate.
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| − | == Diagnosis ==
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| − | Often the clinical signs plus history, signalment and lack of vaccination is very indicative of the virus. [[Agglutination|Haemagglutination]] or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] should be performed to confirm viral infection. Viral antigen can be detected in the faeces by the red cell agglutination test. [[Immunofluorescence]] and serology can also be used to diagnose this disease.
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| − | == Treatment and Control ==
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| − | In an outbreak, affected dogs need to be kept isolated. Supportive care needs to be given such as intravenous [[:Category:Fluid Therapy|fluid therapy]]. [[Antibiotics]] are sometimes given to protect against or treat any secondary bacterial infections that may ensue.
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| − | Vaccination is widely available and is recommended for puppies. The vaccine is given in combination with [[Distemper]], [[Infectious Canine Hepatitis|Hepatitis]] and [[Canine Parainfluenza - 2|Parainfluenza viruses]]. First vaccine is given at 8-10 weeks and the second vaccination two weeks after the first, 10-12 weeks of age. Earlier vaccinations can be given where breeders are known to have CPV on the premises.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Bug/bug00213.asp, Canine parvovirus]<br>
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| − | [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01005.asp, CPV 1 - disease]<br>[https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01007.asp, CPV 2 - disease)
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| − | |full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115250.pdf '''Canine parvovirus: an emerging, re-emerging, significant pathogen of dogs.''' Kapil, S.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 650-651, 3 ref.] | |
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| | + | <br> |
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| − | == References == | + | ====Antigenicity==== |
| − | | + | *2 Canine Viruses: |
| − | Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company
| + | **Canine Parvovirus 1 ('''CPV1'''): avirulent, ubiquitous in canine population |
| − | | + | **Canine Parvovirus 2 ('''CPV2'''): new virus emerged in the late 1970's |
| − | Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier.
| + | *Antigenic variants occur |
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| − | Tilley, L.P. and Smith, F.W.K.(2004)The 5-minute Veterinary Consult (Third edition) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
| + | ====Hosts==== |
| | + | *Dogs |
| | + | *CPV 2a/2b can cause disease in cats |
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| | + | ====Pathogenesis==== |
| | + | *Oropharyngeal infection followed by '''viremia''' |
| | + | *2 distinct syndromes: |
| | + | #'''Myocarditis''' in puppies aged 3-8 weeks |
| | + | #*Virus targets rapidly dividing myocardium |
| | + | #*Sudden death, '''fading puppy''' syndrome |
| | + | #*Now rare due to widespread passive immunity |
| | + | #'''Enteritis''' in puppies >8 weeks of age |
| | + | #*Virus targets intestinal crypts |
| | + | #*Villi shorten, then destruction of cypt cells |
| | + | #*Gray, persistent, foul-smelling diarrhoea or hemorrhagic enteritis |
| | + | #*High morbidity, low mortality (10%) |
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| − | {{review}}
| + | ====Epidemiology==== |
| | + | *'''Orofecal''' transmission |
| | + | *Host range is controlled by only a few amino acids |
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
| + | ====Diagnosis==== |
| | + | *HA or ELISA for virus |
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| − | [[Category:Parvoviridae]] [[Category:Cardiovascular_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Dog_Viruses]] [[Category:Intestinal_Diseases_-_Dog]] [[Category:Enteritis, Viral]][[Category:Expert_Review]]
| + | ====Control==== |
| | + | *Vaccination, usually in combination with distemper and hepatitis at 10 and 16 weeks of age |
| | + | *Thorough disinfection after disease |
