Crustacea

PARASITES

Introduction

The crustacea are a large group of arthropods but are usually treated as a subphylum. The majority of crustaceans are aquatic but some have adapted to terrestrial life.

There are only two species of parasitic crustacea of veterinary importance, the tongue worm Linguatula serrata and sealice Lepeophtheirus and Caligus spp.

Linguatula serrata

Copyright Cooper Curtice (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1890) Wikimedia Commons

• Also known as the 'tongue worm'

• Are highly specialised arthropods

Recognition

• Tongue-like appearance
  • Expanded anteriorly

• Adults are over 10cm in length
  • Females measure betwen 30-130mm in length
  • Males measure up to 20mm in length

• Transversely striated

Life Cycle

• 6 month life cycle

• Adults inhabit the nasal passages of dogs and sometimes cats

• Eggs are expelled by coughing and sneezing or are passed out with the faeces

• Herbivorous intermediate hosts ingest the eggs

• Eggs hatch in the herbivore intestine

• Larvae migrate to the mesenteric lymph nodes and encyst to become infective nymphs
  • Cysts measure 1mm in diameter

• When a dog eats infected uncooked viscera the life cycle is completed

• Infective nymphs migrate from the viscera during chewing and crawl up into the nasal cavity via the soft palate

• Infective nymphs mature to adults in the nasal cavities and can survive for a year in the final host

Pathogenesis

• Causes rhinitis

• Heavy infection leads to coughing, sneezing and nasal discharge

Sea Lice

Sea Lice - Copyright Joseph G. Kunkel at The Kunkel Fish & Aquatic Invert Site

• Economic importance to the fish farming industries
  • Especially in North American and in Northern Europe

• Lepeophtheirus is found only in the Northern hemisphere

• Caligus is found worldwide

Recognition

• Males measure 6mm in length

• Females measure 1cm long
  • Have a long egg sac

• 5 pairs of legs
  • 3 pairs for swimming
  • 2 pairs modified for eating

• Brown to red in colour

• Similar in appearance to the horse shoe crab

Life Cycle

• Eggs released from long egg sacs into environment

• 2 non-parasitic larval stages

• 7 parasitic larval stages (nauplius)
  • Copepod, chalimus and pre-adult

• Life cycle takes 3 weeks to 4 months depending on temperature

Epidemiology

• Largely found in salt water

• Most wild salmonids migrate to the sea for part of their life cycle

• Sealice numbers are low on wild salmonids (adults only)

• Sealice numbers are high on farmed salmonids (larvae and adults)
  • 90% prevalence
  • Average of 5-10 sealice upon a single fish
  • Most sealice found on dorsal fin, head and back and underside of tail and fins
  • Adults survive for over 3 weeks
  • Migration of larval stages can be up to 1km
  • Larvae locate host by responding to changes in light and vibration

Pathogenesis

• Adults and larval stages are epidermal browsers

• Mouth tube of toothed ridges abrades fish epidermis

• Heavy infections leads to:
  • Epidermal abrasion
  • Haemorrhage
  • Immunosuppression
  • Decreased productivity
  • Death

Control

• Ectoparasiticides

• Hidden antigen vaccine

• Wrasse which feed on sealice

• Management improvements
  • E.g. All in, all out and 6 week fallowing

• Stock selection
  • e.g. Selective breeding for resistance

Links

Pathology of Linguata serrata in the nasal passages