Difference between revisions of "Yeast-like fungi"
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− | + | {{unfinished}} | |
+ | |||
+ | {{toplink | ||
+ | |backcolour = | ||
+ | |linkpage =Fungi | ||
+ | |linktext =FUNGI | ||
+ | |pagetype=Bugs | ||
+ | }} | ||
+ | <br> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Candidosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Candidia albicans'' is the most important species | ||
+ | **''C. tropicalis'' and ''C. pelliculosa'' are other important species | ||
+ | |||
+ | *World wide distribution | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Usually an endogenous mycoses | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Noramlly present on skin, vagina and in the [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|GI tract]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Immunocompromised animals may show symptoms | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Usually lesions on mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous junctions | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Many species have been implicated in bovine mastitis | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''C. albicans'' has been isolated in porcine stomach ulcers | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''C. rugosa'' has been implicated in pyometra in mares | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Infection of the crop, oesophagus and mouth occur in poultry and other birds leading to 'sour crop' | ||
+ | **White-grey lesions in mouth which adhere loosly to the mucous membrane | ||
+ | **Crop wall may be thickened | ||
+ | **Crop wall may be covered by a yellow-white necrotic material | ||
+ | **Underlying tissue is inflammed | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causes thrush in humans | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''C. albicans'' causes metritis and vaginitis in mares and genital candidiosis in stallions (and bulls) | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Skin scrapings in 20% KOH for microscopy | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Diphtheritic membranes, pus and fluids can be examined by Lactophenol Cotton Blue and stained by Gram or Methylene Blue | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Gram positive, oval, thin-walled budding cells with hyphal fragments | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grow on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar producing soft, creamy colonies in 24-48 hours | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grossly: | ||
+ | **Exudative, papular, pustular to ulcerative dermatitis | ||
+ | **Stomatitis and otitis externa may develop | ||
+ | *Microscopically: | ||
+ | **Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular inflammation | ||
+ | **Parakeratosis | ||
+ | **Ulcerations | ||
+ | **Superficial exudate containing organisms | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Cryptococcosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Over 19 species | ||
+ | **''C. neoformans'' only major pathogen | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Worldwide | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Occurs in high concentrations in pigeon droppings (high creatinine concentration) | ||
+ | **The pigeon is not infected | ||
+ | **''C. neoformis'' colonise the droppings after they have been excreted | ||
+ | **Also found in fruit, milk and soil | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Exogenous, inhaled infection which is generally sporadic (non-contageous) | ||
+ | **Can also be absorbed via skin penetration and ingestion | ||
+ | |||
+ | *May be a primary pathogen or opportunistic | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Targets the respiratory system | ||
+ | **Including the paranasal sinuses | ||
+ | **Also can be systemic, cutaneous, visceral, skeletal or ocular | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causes sporadic mastitis in cattle | ||
+ | **Can spread within the herd | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Affects the CNS of dogs and cats | ||
+ | **Paranasal sinuses and pharynx can be infected with dissemination to the CNS and other tissues | ||
+ | ***E.g. Lungs, kidneys and joints | ||
+ | **Also causes subcutaneous granulomas | ||
+ | **The tip of the nose is a common site of infection in cats | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causes myxoma-like lesions of the lung and lip in horses | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Causes cryptococcal meningitis in humans | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Also affects dolphins, foxes, ferrets, monkeys, birds, cheetahs and guinea-pigs | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Large yeast with capsule seen using India ink stain | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Stains with PAS (Periodic acis Schiff) | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Gram positive | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grows on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar forming white, granular colonies which become slimy, mucoid and turn cream/brown within a week | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Species identified by carbohydrate assimilation tests | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Antigen and antibody should be tested for as antibody formed by the body is soon overwhelmed and neutralised by abundent polysaccharide antigen from the capsule, in active, systemic infections | ||
+ | **Latex agglutination for antigen, complement fixation, ELISA and IFAT can be used | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Geotrichosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==''Malassezia pachydermidis''== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Caused by [[Fungi|''Malassezia pachydermatis'']] | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Normally present in oily areas on the external ear canal and skin in dogs | ||
+ | **Some strains have been recovered from the ear canal of cats | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Bottle-shaped, small budding cells, non-mycelial | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Gram stain shows purple yeast cells with a very wide base | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Grow on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar in 2 weeks of incubation at room temperature | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Greenish discolouration on blood agar | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Clinical disease may cause yeast to proliferate and cause infection | ||
+ | *Grossly: | ||
+ | **Regional lesions: muzzle, ears, interdigital, perianal | ||
+ | **Or generalised disease | ||
+ | **Erythematous, hyperpigmented, [[Skin Glossary - Pathology|lichenified]] and scaly lesions with alopecia | ||
+ | *Microscopically: | ||
+ | **[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis]] | ||
+ | **Spongiotic pustular dermatitis | ||
+ | **[[Skin Glossary - Pathology|Acanthosis]] | ||
+ | **Organisms are usually present, minimum 3-5 yeasts per high-power field must be found to imply cause of disease | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==''Rhodotorula''== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Rhodotorula minuta'' and ''R. rubra'' | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Canine ear infections | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Equine uterus | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Seldom seen in animal infections | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==''Torulopsis glabrata''== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Commensal in animals and is found in the soil | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Implicated in cases of: | ||
+ | **Pyelonephritis, pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis (humans) | ||
+ | **Mastitis and abortion in cattle | ||
+ | **Systemic infection of monkeys and dogs | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Trichosporonosis== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Found in soil | ||
+ | |||
+ | *Deuteromycetes yeast | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''Trichosporonosis beigelii'' | ||
+ | **Implicated in feline nasal granuloma, [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Superficial mycoses|skin infections]] in horses and monkeys, mastitis in cattle and sheep and in feline bladder infections | ||
+ | |||
+ | *''T. capitum'' implicated in bovine mastitis | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Further Links== | ||
+ | |||
+ | *[[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | *''Cryptococcus neoformans'' causes granulomatous [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] in cats, see [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#In Cats|respiratory infections]] | ||
+ | * ''Candida'' is an opportunistic pathogen at mucus membranes, causing thrush. | ||
+ | *''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#Blastomycosis|blastomycosis in lungs]] | ||
+ | *''Histoplasma capsulatum'' in [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#Histoplasmosis|histoplasmosis in lungs]] | ||
+ | *''Candida'' spp. in [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Candidiasis|candidiasis]] | ||
+ | *''Malassezia pachydermis'' in [[Mycotic skin infections - Pathology#Malassezia dermatitis|malassezia dermatitis]] |
Revision as of 19:47, 26 April 2009
This article is still under construction. |
|
Candidosis
- Candidia albicans is the most important species
- C. tropicalis and C. pelliculosa are other important species
- World wide distribution
- Usually an endogenous mycoses
- Noramlly present on skin, vagina and in the GI tract
- Immunocompromised animals may show symptoms
- Usually lesions on mucous membranes and at mucocutaneous junctions
- Many species have been implicated in bovine mastitis
- C. albicans has been isolated in porcine stomach ulcers
- C. rugosa has been implicated in pyometra in mares
- Infection of the crop, oesophagus and mouth occur in poultry and other birds leading to 'sour crop'
- White-grey lesions in mouth which adhere loosly to the mucous membrane
- Crop wall may be thickened
- Crop wall may be covered by a yellow-white necrotic material
- Underlying tissue is inflammed
- Causes thrush in humans
- C. albicans causes metritis and vaginitis in mares and genital candidiosis in stallions (and bulls)
- Skin scrapings in 20% KOH for microscopy
- Diphtheritic membranes, pus and fluids can be examined by Lactophenol Cotton Blue and stained by Gram or Methylene Blue
- Gram positive, oval, thin-walled budding cells with hyphal fragments
- Grow on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar producing soft, creamy colonies in 24-48 hours
- Grossly:
- Exudative, papular, pustular to ulcerative dermatitis
- Stomatitis and otitis externa may develop
- Microscopically:
- Spongiotic neutrophilic pustular inflammation
- Parakeratosis
- Ulcerations
- Superficial exudate containing organisms
Cryptococcosis
- Over 19 species
- C. neoformans only major pathogen
- Worldwide
- Occurs in high concentrations in pigeon droppings (high creatinine concentration)
- The pigeon is not infected
- C. neoformis colonise the droppings after they have been excreted
- Also found in fruit, milk and soil
- Exogenous, inhaled infection which is generally sporadic (non-contageous)
- Can also be absorbed via skin penetration and ingestion
- May be a primary pathogen or opportunistic
- Targets the respiratory system
- Including the paranasal sinuses
- Also can be systemic, cutaneous, visceral, skeletal or ocular
- Causes sporadic mastitis in cattle
- Can spread within the herd
- Affects the CNS of dogs and cats
- Paranasal sinuses and pharynx can be infected with dissemination to the CNS and other tissues
- E.g. Lungs, kidneys and joints
- Also causes subcutaneous granulomas
- The tip of the nose is a common site of infection in cats
- Paranasal sinuses and pharynx can be infected with dissemination to the CNS and other tissues
- Causes myxoma-like lesions of the lung and lip in horses
- Causes cryptococcal meningitis in humans
- Also affects dolphins, foxes, ferrets, monkeys, birds, cheetahs and guinea-pigs
- Large yeast with capsule seen using India ink stain
- Stains with PAS (Periodic acis Schiff)
- Gram positive
- Grows on blood agar and Sabouraud's Dextrose agar forming white, granular colonies which become slimy, mucoid and turn cream/brown within a week
- Species identified by carbohydrate assimilation tests
- Antigen and antibody should be tested for as antibody formed by the body is soon overwhelmed and neutralised by abundent polysaccharide antigen from the capsule, in active, systemic infections
- Latex agglutination for antigen, complement fixation, ELISA and IFAT can be used
Geotrichosis
Malassezia pachydermidis
- Caused by Malassezia pachydermatis
- Normally present in oily areas on the external ear canal and skin in dogs
- Some strains have been recovered from the ear canal of cats
- Bottle-shaped, small budding cells, non-mycelial
- Gram stain shows purple yeast cells with a very wide base
- Grow on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar in 2 weeks of incubation at room temperature
- Greenish discolouration on blood agar
- Clinical disease may cause yeast to proliferate and cause infection
- Grossly:
- Regional lesions: muzzle, ears, interdigital, perianal
- Or generalised disease
- Erythematous, hyperpigmented, lichenified and scaly lesions with alopecia
- Microscopically:
- hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis
- Spongiotic pustular dermatitis
- Acanthosis
- Organisms are usually present, minimum 3-5 yeasts per high-power field must be found to imply cause of disease
Rhodotorula
- Rhodotorula minuta and R. rubra
- Canine ear infections
- Equine uterus
- Seldom seen in animal infections
Torulopsis glabrata
- Commensal in animals and is found in the soil
- Implicated in cases of:
- Pyelonephritis, pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis (humans)
- Mastitis and abortion in cattle
- Systemic infection of monkeys and dogs
Trichosporonosis
- Found in soil
- Deuteromycetes yeast
- Trichosporonosis beigelii
- Implicated in feline nasal granuloma, skin infections in horses and monkeys, mastitis in cattle and sheep and in feline bladder infections
- T. capitum implicated in bovine mastitis
Further Links
- Cryptococcus neoformans causes granulomatous rhinitis in cats, see respiratory infections
- Candida is an opportunistic pathogen at mucus membranes, causing thrush.
- Blastomyces dermatitidis in blastomycosis in lungs
- Histoplasma capsulatum in histoplasmosis in lungs
- Candida spp. in candidiasis
- Malassezia pachydermis in malassezia dermatitis