Difference between revisions of "Helminth Flashcards"

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{{toplink
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'''[[Cestodes Flascards]]
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|backcolour = f5fffa
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|linkpage =Helminths
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|linktext =HELMINTHS
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|sublink1 =Flash Cards - WikiBugs
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|subtext1 =WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS
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|pagetype =Bugs
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}}
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==<font color="purple">Cestodes</font>==
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{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 +
!width="400"|'''Question'''
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!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about cestodes'''
 +
||<big>A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (<font color="white">'''''strobila'''''</font>) of progressively maturing reproductive units called <font color="white">'''''proglottids'''''</font> anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the <font color="white">'''''scolex'''''</font>.
 +
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What species of Taenia occur in dogs?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Taenia ovis'''''
 +
*'''''Taenia hydatigena'''''
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*'''''Taenia pisiformis'''''
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*'''''Taenia multiceps'''''
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*'''''Taenia serialis'''''
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||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the features of a cysticercus'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst'''''
 +
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of ''T. hydatigena'' and where in the host might it be found?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Sheep (mostly)''''''
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*'''''Cattle'''''
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*'''''Pigs'''''
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*'''''Found in the peritoneal cavity
 +
||[[Taenia#Structure and Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall'''''
 +
*'''''Whereas the cysticercus  has only a single inverted scolex.'''''
 +
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver'''''
 +
*'''''Horses = nearly all are in the liver'''''
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*'''''Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere'''''
 +
||[[Echinococcus#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What tapeworms occur in the cat?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Taenia taeniaeformis'''''
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*'''''Dipylidium'''''
 +
||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|-
 +
|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T.  taeniaeformis''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted'''''
 +
||[[Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|-
 +
|<big>'''Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Ileo-caecal junction'''''
 +
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis'''''
 +
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with ''Anoplocephala''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites'''''
 +
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Describe the appearance of ''Moniezia'''''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Long tapeworm (up to 2m)'''''
 +
*'''''Segments much wider than they are long'''''
 +
||[[Moniezia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.'''''
 +
||[[Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
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'''[[Trematodes Flashcards]]
 
  
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'''[[Nematode Flashcards]]
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==<font color="purple">Trematodes</font>==
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{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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!width="400"|'''Question'''
 +
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 +
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the most diagnostic features of the ''Fasciola hepatica'' egg?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Oval and brown'''''
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*'''''Granular contents'''''
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*'''''Operculum ('trap-door') at one end'''''
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*'''''Double the size of a typical strongyle egg'''''
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||[[Trematodes#Life-cycle stages|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'''''
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||<big>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (<font color="white">'''''Fasciola hepatica'''''</font>). It is found in <font color="white">'''''muddy areas'''''</font>, and feeds on <font color="white">'''''slimy green algae'''''</font>. It has a <font color="white">'''''brown-black shell'''''</font> with 5-6 spirals.
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||[[Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Haemorrhagic tracts'''''
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*'''''Enlarged, pale and friable'''''
 +
||[[Fasciola#Pathogenesis of acute fasciolosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''January - March'''''
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||[[Fasciola#Chronic fasciolosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|-
 +
|<big>'''Why is ''Dicrocoelium'' less pathogenic than ''Fasciola''?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike ''Fasciola'')'''''
 +
||[[Dicrocoelium#Dicrocoelium dendriticum|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Is ''Paramphistomum'' found in the UK?'''
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||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics'''''
 +
||[[Paramphistomum#Paramphistomum Species|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder'''''
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*'''''This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs'''''
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||[[Schistosoma#Schistosoma Species|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|}
  
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'''[[Cattle Nematode Flashcards]]
 
  
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'''[[Small Ruminant Nematodes Flashcards]]
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==<font color="purple">Nematodes</font>==
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{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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'''[[Horse Nematode Flashcards]]</big>
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!width="400"|'''Question'''
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!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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!width="150"|'''Article'''
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[[Category:Parasite Flashcards]][[Category:Helminths]]
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|-
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|<big>'''What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Clasp the female during mating'''''
 +
||[[Nematodes#Recognition Features|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''Which four superfamilies have bursate males?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Trichostrongyloidea'''''
 +
*'''''Strongyloidea'''''
 +
*'''''Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)'''''
 +
*'''''Metastrongyloidea'''''
 +
||[[Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-
 +
|<big>'''What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?'''
 +
||<font color="white"> <big>
 +
*'''''Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions'''''
 +
*'''''Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer'''''
 +
*'''''Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood '''''
 +
||[[Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 +
|-

Revision as of 18:06, 18 May 2009

Infectious agents and parasitesWikiBugs Banner.png
HELMINTHS
WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS


Cestodes

Question Answer Article
Fill in the missing words about cestodes A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (strobila) of progressively maturing reproductive units called proglottids anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the scolex. Link to Answer Article
What species of Taenia occur in dogs?
  • Taenia ovis
  • Taenia hydatigena
  • Taenia pisiformis
  • Taenia multiceps
  • Taenia serialis
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the features of a cysticercus
  • Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst
 Link to Answer Article
In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of T. hydatigena and where in the host might it be found?
  • Sheep (mostly)'
  • Cattle
  • Pigs
  • Found in the peritoneal cavity
 Link to Answer Article
What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?
  • A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall
  • Whereas the cysticercus has only a single inverted scolex.
 Link to Answer Article
How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?
  • Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver
  • Horses = nearly all are in the liver
  • Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere
 Link to Answer Article
What tapeworms occur in the cat?
  • Taenia taeniaeformis
  • Dipylidium
 Link to Answer Article
Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with T. taeniaeformis?
  • The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted
 Link to Answer Article
Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find Anoplocephala?
  • Ileo-caecal junction
 Link to Answer Article
Why are Anoplocephala eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?
  • They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis
 Link to Answer Article
Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with Anoplocephala?
  • The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites
 Link to Answer Article
Describe the appearance of Moniezia
  • Long tapeworm (up to 2m)
  • Segments much wider than they are long
 Link to Answer Article
Why is T. solium more dangerous to human health than T. saginata?
  • If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.
 Link to Answer Article


Trematodes

Question Answer Article
What are the most diagnostic features of the Fasciola hepatica egg?
  • Oval and brown
  • Granular contents
  • Operculum ('trap-door') at one end
  • Double the size of a typical strongyle egg
 Link to Answer Article
Fill in the missing words about Lymnaea truncatula Lymnaea truncatula is the intermediate host for (Fasciola hepatica). It is found in muddy areas, and feeds on slimy green algae. It has a brown-black shell with 5-6 spirals. Link to Answer Article
What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?
  • Haemorrhagic tracts
  • Enlarged, pale and friable
 Link to Answer Article
What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?
  • January - March
 Link to Answer Article
Why is Dicrocoelium less pathogenic than Fasciola?
  • Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike Fasciola)
 Link to Answer Article
Is Paramphistomum found in the UK?
  • Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics
 Link to Answer Article
What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?
  • The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder
  • This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs
 Link to Answer Article


Nematodes

Question Answer Article
What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?
  • Clasp the female during mating
 Link to Answer Article
Which four superfamilies have bursate males?
  • Trichostrongyloidea
  • Strongyloidea
  • Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)
  • Metastrongyloidea
 Link to Answer Article
What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?
  • Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions
  • Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer
  • Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood
Link to Answer Article
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