Difference between revisions of "Feline Lymphoplasmacytic Gingivitis Stomatitis Complex"

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{{unfinished}}
  
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==Introduction==  
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==Typical Signalment==
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Feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis [[stomatitis]] complex is a poorly understood condition. It presents as erythematous, ulcerative lesions of the gingiva, buccal mucosa, lips, palatoglossal folds and the lateral pharyngeal walls. No clear aetiology has yet been discovered but many different causes of the condition have been proposed. These include [[:Category:Hypersensitivity|hypersensitivity]] to oral antigens and bacterial infections including those caused by ''Porphyromonas'' sp and ''Haemobartonella henselae''. Certain viruses have also been implemented including [[Feline Calicivirus|Feline calicivirus]] (FCV),[[Feline Herpesvirus 1|Feline herpesvirus]] (FHV), [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|Feline immunodeficiency virus]] (FIV),[[Feline Leukemia Virus|Feline leukaemia virus]] (FeLV) and Feline coronavirus (FCoV).
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*No sex, age or breed predilection
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*Pure breed cats seem to develop disease of greater severity. These include:
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**Siamese
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**Himalayan
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**Burmese
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**Abyssinian
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**Persian
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*Median age of those affected is 7 years (range 4 months - 17 years)
 +
 
 +
==Description==  
 +
Feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis Complex is a poorly understood condition. It presents as erythematous, ulcerative lesios of the gingiva, buccal mucosa, lips, palatoglossal folds and the lateral pharyngeal walls. No clear aetiology has yet been discovered but many different causes of the condition have been proposed:
  
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==Typical Signalment==
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*Hypersensitivity to oral antigens
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No sex, age or breed predilection. The median age of those affected is 7 years (range 4 months - 17 years).
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*Bacteria
 +
**Porphyromonas
 +
**''Haemobartonella henselae''
 +
*Viruses
 +
**Feline calicivirus (FCV)
 +
**Feline herpesvirus (FHV)
 +
**FIV
 +
**FeLV
 +
**Feline coronavirus (FCoV)
  
 
==Diagnosis==
 
==Diagnosis==
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Diagnosis of this condition can usually be made on the clinical appearance of the oral lesions and symptoms, together with a lack of response to professional teeth cleaning and home dental care.
 
  
 
===Clinical Signs===
 
===Clinical Signs===
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Include halitosis, dysphagia, ptyalism, weight loss, cachexia, bilateral erythematous, ulcerative and/or proliferative lesions of the gingiva, submandibular lymphadenopathy and variable amounts of plaque and calculus accumulation.
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*Halitosis
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Additionally teeth are often loose or missing.
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*Dysphagia
 +
*Ptyalism
 +
*Weight loss
 +
*Cachexia
 +
*Bilateral erythematous, ulcerative and/or proliferative lesions of the gingiva
 +
*Submandibular lymphadenopathy
 +
*Variable amounts of plaque and calculus accumulation
 +
*Missing teeth
 +
*Loose teeth
  
 
===Laboratory Tests===
 
===Laboratory Tests===
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Tests to eliminate underlying viral causes include virus testing for [[Feline Immunodeficiency Virus|FIV]], [[Feline Leukemia Virus|FeLV]] and an oral Swab for [[Feline Calicivirus|FCV]].
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Routine[[Feline Haematology| haematology]] and [[Feline Biochemistry|biochemistry]] are also useful to screen for underlying disease. High globulin levels may be indicative of a hypersensitive state.
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*Virus testing for FIV, FeLV
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*Oral Swab for FCV
  
 
===Diagnostic Imaging===
 
===Diagnostic Imaging===
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Full intra-oral dental radiography should be carried out to assess the teeth, alveolar bone and also to identify any fractured roots or root remnants.
 
  
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===Biopsy===
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Biopsies should be taken to rule out any malignant neoplasms (i.e. [[Squamous Cell Carcinoma| squamous cell carcinoma]]) or other pathology (i.e. [[Feline Eosinophilic Granuloma|eosinophilic granuloma]]) and to confirm the diagnosis. Histologically, dense band-like submucosal lymphocytic-plasmacytic infiltrates are reported with this condition.
 
  
 
==Treatment==
 
==Treatment==
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The aim of treatment of this condition is to improve the hygiene of the oral cavity. Initial treatment can include the following: Treating any underlying/existing dental disease, client education of the disease process and client education in dental homecare (diet and daily teeth brushing).
 
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More often than not, full mouth extractions performed by a veterinary dentist are required.
 
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Adjunctive treatment includes pain medication, anti-inflammatories and antibiotic treatment.
 
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==Prognosis==
 
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Partly due to the lack of understanding of this condition, feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex is frustrating to treat. Many patients fail to respond to treatment, even after full mouth extraction. In these cases it is thought that the oral bacteria that remain are sufficient to maintain inflammation. In cases that undergo prolonged ineffective medical treatment, the disease appears to become more refractory to further treatment.
 
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{{Learning
 
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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title:(%22stomatitis%22)+AND+od:(cats) Stomatitis in cats publications]
 
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[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28Gingivitis%29+AND+title%3A%28Stomatitis%29+AND+od%3A%28cats%29 Gingivitis and Stomatitis in cats publications]
 
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|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis00626.asp Gingivitis and Stomatitis]
 
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}}
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
  
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Tutt, C., Deeprose, J. and Crossley, D. (2007) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry (3rd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
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*Tutt, C., Deeprose, J. and Crossley, D. (2007) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry (3rd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
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Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual'''(Eighth edition)''Merial''
 
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{{review}}
 
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==Webinars==
 
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<rss max="10" highlight="none">https://www.thewebinarvet.com/infection-control-and-biosecurity/webinars/feed</rss>
 
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[[Category:Oral_Cavity_-_Erosive_&_Ulcerative_Pathology]][[Category:Oral Diseases - Cat]]
 
  
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[[Category:Expert_Review]]
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*Merck & Co (2008) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual'''
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[[Category:Periodontal Conditions]]
 
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[[Category:LisaM reviewing]]
 

Revision as of 14:53, 12 August 2009


 This article is still under construction.


Typical Signalment

  • No sex, age or breed predilection
  • Pure breed cats seem to develop disease of greater severity. These include:
    • Siamese
    • Himalayan
    • Burmese
    • Abyssinian
    • Persian
  • Median age of those affected is 7 years (range 4 months - 17 years)

Description

Feline lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis Complex is a poorly understood condition. It presents as erythematous, ulcerative lesios of the gingiva, buccal mucosa, lips, palatoglossal folds and the lateral pharyngeal walls. No clear aetiology has yet been discovered but many different causes of the condition have been proposed:

  • Hypersensitivity to oral antigens
  • Bacteria
    • Porphyromonas
    • Haemobartonella henselae
  • Viruses
    • Feline calicivirus (FCV)
    • Feline herpesvirus (FHV)
    • FIV
    • FeLV
    • Feline coronavirus (FCoV)

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

  • Halitosis
  • Dysphagia
  • Ptyalism
  • Weight loss
  • Cachexia
  • Bilateral erythematous, ulcerative and/or proliferative lesions of the gingiva
  • Submandibular lymphadenopathy
  • Variable amounts of plaque and calculus accumulation
  • Missing teeth
  • Loose teeth

Laboratory Tests

  • Virus testing for FIV, FeLV
  • Oral Swab for FCV

Diagnostic Imaging

Treatment

References

  • Tutt, C., Deeprose, J. and Crossley, D. (2007) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dentistry (3rd Edition) BSAVA
  • Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual
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