Difference between revisions of "Haemangiosarcoma"

Revision as of 13:47, 19 August 2009

Signalment

Often found in older German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers

Description

The origin of abdominal haemangiosarcoma is often from the spleen. Neoplastic cells are implanted into the abdomen, causing widespread peritoneal seepage of blood or metastasise to the liver and lungs. This is a highly malignant disease.

Diagnosis

Clinical Signs

Collapse; due to rupture of the mass, leading to a haemoabdomen
Abdominal effusion
Lethargy, weakness, pallor and anorexia may preceed a major bleed

Laboratory Tests

Haematology

Anaemia; may be regenerative if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of red blood cells through the microvascular network of the tumour

Biochemistry

Other Tests

Diagnostic Imaging

Radiography

This may be able to reveal any masses, provided there is minimal peritoneal fluid.

Ultrasonography

This is sensitive in indentifying liver and splenic masses.

Histopathology

Biopsy of any masses will provide a definitive diagnosis. This is needed to differentiate haemangiosarcoma from splenic haematoma, haemangioma and accessory splenic tissue.

Treatment

Surgery

This is useful if there are any solitary masses that can be excised.

Chemotherapy

This will provide a palliative treatment for animals with multiple masses or as an adjuvant therapy post-operatively.

Prognosis

Poor due to high risk of metastasis in the early course of the disease.

References

Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2 (Fifth Edition) W.B. Saunders Company.
Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition) BSAVA
Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition) Mosby Elsevier.

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-{{OpenPagesTop}}
+{{unfinished}}
-==Introduction==
-A highly malignant tumour of vascular endothelial origin. Commonly affect dogs and the most frequently affected areas are the spleen, pericardium, right atrium, liver and muscle.  The cat is affected less frequently and the most common sites are the liver, spleen and mesentry. Metastasis occurs via the haematogenous route or via rupture and transabdominal spread.  Metastatic sites include, lungs, liver, omentum, diaphragm and less commonly brain. Surgery is the treatment of choice but even with this survival time remains very short.
+{{dog}}
+{{cat}}
 ==Signalment==
-Often found in German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers over 9 years of age. Domestic Short haired cats are the most commonly affected cat breed.
+*Often found in older German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers
-==History and Clinical Signs==
-Can vary depending on the anatomic site that the mass is affecting.
-Signs such as anorexia, lethargy, weakness, [[vomiting]] and [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] are common.
-Animals may have history of multiple episodes of collapse following repeated rupture of an abdominal mass, leading to non-fatal haemoabdomen. Occasionally can be found dead following catastrophic rupture and fatal haemoabdmen.
-In instances where the heart (right auricle) is involved, animals may die suddenly or present in [[:Category:heart Failure|heart failure]]. Rupture of the mass and haemorrhage into the pericardial sac leads to compression of the heart, which can no longer fill with blood during diastole ([[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]]).
+==Description==
+The origin of '''abdominal haemangiosarcoma''' is often from the spleen.  Neoplastic cells are implanted into the abdomen, causing widespread peritoneal seepage of blood or metastasise to the liver and lungs.  This is a highly malignant disease.
-If the nervous system is involved a range of neurological abnormalities will also be present.
+==Diagnosis==
+===Clinical Signs===
+*Collapse; due to rupture of the mass, leading to a haemoabdomen
+*Abdominal effusion
+*Lethargy, weakness, pallor and anorexia may preceed a major bleed
-==Laboratory Tests==
+===Laboratory Tests===
 ====Haematology====
-Anaemia will be evident which may be [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|regenerative]] if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] through the microvascular network of the tumour.
+*Anaemia; may be regenerative if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of red blood cells through the microvascular network of the tumour
-This results in the presence of schistocytes in dogs but not cats.
-A [[Neutrophilia|neutrophilia]] and [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]] may also be present.
-==Diagnostic Imaging==
+====Biochemistry====
-===Radiography===
-Useful to look for evidence of metastasis.
-===Ultrasonography===
-This is sensitive in identifying liver and splenic masses where the spleen will show a mixed or non-homogenoeous pattern and the liver will look hypoechoic or anechoic. It can also be useful to detect metastatic spread.
-==Biopsy==
+====Other Tests====
-The only way to to form a definitive diagnosis is following a biopsy and histopathology. This is needed to differentiate haemangiosarcoma from splenic haematoma, haemangioma and accessory splenic tissue.
+===Diagnostic Imaging===
+====Radiography====
+This may be able to reveal any masses, provided there is minimal peritoneal fluid.
+====Ultrasonography====
+This is sensitive in indentifying liver and splenic masses.
+===Histopathology===
+Biopsy of any masses will provide a definitive diagnosis.  This is needed to differentiate haemangiosarcoma from splenic haematoma, haemangioma and accessory splenic tissue.
 ==Treatment==
 ===Surgery===
-Surgery is the treatment of choice for haemangiosarcoma in the dog and cat. All diseased tissue should be removed and splenic haemangiosarcoma should be treated via splenectomy. Local removal is difficult if the pericardium and right atrium is involved. A pericardectomy can be undertaken but the prognosis with tumours at this location is grave.
+This is useful if there are any solitary masses that can be excised.
 ===Chemotherapy===
 This will provide a palliative treatment for animals with multiple masses or as an adjuvant therapy post-operatively.
-Doxorubicin based products are the most commonly used drugs for haemangiosarcomas.
 ==Prognosis==
 Poor due to high risk of metastasis in the early course of the disease.
-{{Learning
-|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01993.asp Haemangiosarcoma]
-|flashcards = [[Liver_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
-|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Haemangiosarcoma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=55&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Haemangiosarcoma]
-|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181324.pdf ''' A review and what's new in canine hemangiosarcoma.''' Garrett, L. D.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 956-959]
-}}
 ==References==
-Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
+*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
+*Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
-Hall, E.J, Simpson, J.W. and Williams, D.A. (2005) '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Gastroenterology (2nd Edition)''' ''BSAVA''
+*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
-Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.
-{{review}}
-{{OpenPages}}
-[[Category:Liver,_Primary_Tumours]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
-[[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Neoplastic_Pathology]]
-[[Category:Neoplasia]][[Category:Splenic Neoplasia]]
-[[Category:Expert_Review]]
-[[Category:Cardiology Section]]