Difference between revisions of "Helminth Flashcards"

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|linkpage =Helminths
 
|linkpage =Helminths
 
|linktext =HELMINTHS
 
|linktext =HELMINTHS
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==<font color="purple">Cestodes</font>==
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===Cestodes===
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{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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<FlashCard questions="13">
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|q1=Fill in the missing words about cestodes:<p>
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
+
A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (???) of progressively maturing reproductive units called ??? anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the ???.
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
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</p>
−
|-
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|a1=
−
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about cestodes'''
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*strobila
−
||<big>A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (<font color="white">'''''strobila'''''</font>) of progressively maturing reproductive units called <font color="white">'''''proglottids'''''</font> anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the <font color="white">'''''scolex'''''</font>.
+
*proglottids
−
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*scolex
−
|-
+
|l1=Cyclophyllidea#Introduction
−
|<big>'''What species of Taenia occur in dogs?'''
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|q2=What species of Taenia occur in dogs?
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||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a2=
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*'''''Taenia ovis'''''
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*Taenia ovis
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*'''''Taenia hydatigena'''''
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*Taenia hydatigena
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*'''''Taenia pisiformis'''''
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*Taenia pisiformis
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*'''''Taenia multiceps'''''
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*Taenia multiceps
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*'''''Taenia serialis'''''
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*Taenia serialis
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||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l2=Taenia#Introduction
−
|-
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|q3=Describe the features of a cysticercus
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|<big>'''Describe the features of a cysticercus'''
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|a3=Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst
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||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l3=Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle
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*'''''Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst'''''
+
|q4=In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of ''T. hydatigena'' and where in the host might it be found?
−
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a4=
−
|-
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*Sheep (mostly)'
−
|<big>'''In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of ''T. hydatigena'' and where in the host might it be found?'''
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*Cattle
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||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Pigs
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*'''''Sheep (mostly)''''''
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*Found in the peritoneal cavity
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*'''''Cattle'''''
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|l4=Taenia#Structure and Function
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*'''''Pigs'''''
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|q5=What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?
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*'''''Found in the peritoneal cavity
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|a5=
−
||[[Taenia#Structure and Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall
−
|-
+
*Whereas the cysticercus  has only a single inverted scolex.
−
|<big>'''What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?'''
+
|l5=Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q6=How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?
−
*'''''A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall'''''
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|a6=
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*'''''Whereas the cysticercus  has only a single inverted scolex.'''''
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*Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver
−
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Horses = nearly all are in the liver
−
|-
+
*Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere
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|<big>'''How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?'''
+
|l6=Echinococcus#Life-Cycle
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q7=What tapeworms occur in the cat?
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*'''''Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver'''''
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|a7=
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*'''''Horses = nearly all are in the liver'''''
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*Taenia taeniaeformis
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*'''''Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere'''''
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*Dipylidium
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||[[Echinococcus#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l7=Taenia#Introduction
−
|-
+
|q8=Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T.  taeniaeformis''?
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|<big>'''What tapeworms occur in the cat?'''
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|a8=The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l8=Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat
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*'''''Taenia taeniaeformis'''''
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|q9=Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?
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*'''''Dipylidium'''''
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|a9=Ileo-caecal junction
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||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l9=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
−
|-
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|q10=Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?
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|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T.  taeniaeformis''?'''
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|a10=They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis
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||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l10=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
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*'''''The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted'''''
+
|q11=Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with ''Anoplocephala''?
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||[[Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a11=The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites
−
|-
+
|l11=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
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|<big>'''Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?'''
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|q12=Describe the appearance of ''Moniezia
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||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a12=
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*'''''Ileo-caecal junction'''''
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*Long tapeworm (up to 2m)
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||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Segments much wider than they are long
−
|-
+
|l12=Moniezia#Introduction
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|<big>'''Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?'''
+
|q13=Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a13=If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.
−
*'''''They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis'''''
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|l13=Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans
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||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
</FlashCard>
−
|-
+
===Trematodes===
−
|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with ''Anoplocephala''?'''
+
<FlashCard questions="7">
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q1=What are the most diagnostic features of the ''Fasciola hepatica'' egg?
−
*'''''The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites'''''
+
|a1=
−
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Oval and brown
−
|-
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*Granular contents
−
|<big>'''Describe the appearance of ''Moniezia'''''
+
*Operculum ('trap-door') at one end
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Double the size of a typical strongyle egg
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*'''''Long tapeworm (up to 2m)'''''
+
|l1=Trematodes#Life-cycle stages
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*'''''Segments much wider than they are long'''''
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|q2=Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'':
−
||[[Moniezia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
<p>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (???). It is found in ???, and feeds on ???. It has a ??? with 5-6 spirals.</p>
−
|-
+
|a2=
−
|<big>'''Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?'''
+
*Fasciola hepatica
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*muddy areas
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*'''''If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.'''''
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*slimy green algae
−
||[[Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*brown-black shell
−
|}
+
|l2=Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula
−
 
+
|q3=What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?
−
 
+
|a3=
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==<font color="purple">Trematodes</font>==
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*Haemorrhagic tracts
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{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
+
*Enlarged, pale and friable
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!width="400"|'''Question'''
+
|l3=Fasciola#Pathogenesis of acute fasciolosis
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!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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|q4=What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
+
|a4=January - March
−
|-
+
|l4=Fasciola#Chronic fasciolosis
−
|<big>'''What are the most diagnostic features of the ''Fasciola hepatica'' egg?'''
+
|q5=Why is ''Dicrocoelium'' less pathogenic than ''Fasciola''?
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|a5=Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike ''Fasciola'')
−
*'''''Oval and brown'''''
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|l5=Dicrocoelium#Dicrocoelium dendriticum
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*'''''Granular contents'''''
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|q6=Is ''Paramphistomum'' found in the UK?
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*'''''Operculum ('trap-door') at one end'''''
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|a6=Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics
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*'''''Double the size of a typical strongyle egg'''''
+
|l6=Paramphistomum#Paramphistomum Species
−
||[[Trematodes#Life-cycle stages|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|q7=What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?
−
|-
+
|a7=
−
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'''''
+
*The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder
−
||<big>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (<font color="white">'''''Fasciola hepatica'''''</font>). It is found in <font color="white">'''''muddy areas'''''</font>, and feeds on <font color="white">'''''slimy green algae'''''</font>. It has a <font color="white">'''''brown-black shell'''''</font> with 5-6 spirals.
+
*This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs
−
||[[Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l7=Schistosoma#Schistosoma Species
−
|-
+
</FlashCard>
−
|<big>'''What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?'''
+
===Nematodes===
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
<FlashCard questions="4">
−
*'''''Haemorrhagic tracts'''''
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|q1=What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?
−
*'''''Enlarged, pale and friable'''''
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|a1=Clasp the female during mating
−
||[[Fasciola#Pathogenesis of acute fasciolosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|l1=Nematodes#Recognition Features
−
|-
+
|q2=Which four superfamilies have bursate males?
−
|<big>'''What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?'''
+
|a2=
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Trichostrongyloidea
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*'''''January - March'''''
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*Strongyloidea
−
||[[Fasciola#Chronic fasciolosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)
−
|-
+
*Metastrongyloidea
−
|<big>'''Why is ''Dicrocoelium'' less pathogenic than ''Fasciola''?'''
+
|l2=Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|q3=What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?
−
*'''''Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike ''Fasciola'')'''''
+
|a3=
−
||[[Dicrocoelium#Dicrocoelium dendriticum|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions
−
|-
+
*Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer
−
|<big>'''Is ''Paramphistomum'' found in the UK?'''
+
*Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood
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||<font color="white"> <big>
+
|l3=Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies
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*'''''Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics'''''
+
|q4=Name the six different non-bursate nematode superfamilies
−
||[[Paramphistomum#Paramphistomum Species|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
|a4=
−
|-
+
*Ascaridoidea
−
|<big>'''What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?'''
+
*Oxyuroidea
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
+
*Rhabditoidea
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*'''''The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder'''''
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*Trichinelloidea
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*'''''This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs'''''
+
*Spiruroidea
−
||[[Schistosoma#Schistosoma Species|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
+
*Filarioidea
−
|}
+
|l4=Nematodes#Feeding Habits
−
 
+
</FlashCard>
−
 
 
−
==<font color="purple">Nematodes</font>==
 
−
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
 
−
!width="400"|'''Question'''
 
−
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
 
−
!width="150"|'''Article'''
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Clasp the female during mating'''''
 
−
||[[Nematodes#Recognition Features|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Which four superfamilies have bursate males?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Trichostrongyloidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Strongyloidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)'''''
 
−
*'''''Metastrongyloidea'''''
 
−
||[[Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions'''''
 
−
*'''''Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer'''''
 
−
*'''''Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood'''''
 
−
||[[Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|-
 
−
|<big>'''Name the six different non-bursate nematode superfamilies'''
 
−
||<font color="white"> <big>
 
−
*'''''Ascaridoidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Oxyuroidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Rhabditoidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Trichinelloidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Spiruroidea'''''
 
−
*'''''Filarioidea'''''
 
−
||[[Nematodes#Feeding Habits|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
 
−
|}
 

Revision as of 01:04, 20 February 2010

Infectious agents and parasitesWikiBugs Banner.png
HELMINTHS
WIKIBUGS FLASHCARDS


Cestodes

Question Answer Article
Fill in the missing words about cestodes:

A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (???) of progressively maturing reproductive units called ??? anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the ???.

Link to Article
What species of Taenia occur in dogs? Link to Article
Describe the features of a cysticercus Link to Article
In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of T. hydatigena and where in the host might it be found? Link to Article
What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus? Link to Article
How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans? Link to Article
What tapeworms occur in the cat? Link to Article
Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with T. taeniaeformis? Link to Article
Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find Anoplocephala? Link to Article
Why are Anoplocephala eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination? Link to Article
Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with Anoplocephala? Link to Article
Describe the appearance of Moniezia Link to Article
Why is T. solium more dangerous to human health than T. saginata? Link to Article


Trematodes

Question Answer Article
What are the most diagnostic features of the Fasciola hepatica egg? Link to Article
Fill in the missing words about Lymnaea truncatula:

Lymnaea truncatula is the intermediate host for (???). It is found in ???, and feeds on ???. It has a ??? with 5-6 spirals.

 Link to Article
What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis? Link to Article
What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent? Link to Article
Why is Dicrocoelium less pathogenic than Fasciola? Link to Article
Is Paramphistomum found in the UK? Link to Article
What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections? Link to Article


Nematodes

Question Answer Article
What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes? Link to Article
Which four superfamilies have bursate males? Link to Article
What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed? Link to Article
Name the six different non-bursate nematode superfamilies Link to Article


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