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| − | ==The inflammatory response==
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| − | [[Image:Donkey picture.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary]</center></small>]]
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| − | The '''inflammatory response''' is a complex process that occurs '''following cellular injury'''. Cell membrane damage releases '''phospholipids''', which are converted rapidly, mainly '''by phospholipase A2 to arachidonic acid'''. The '''cyclo-oxygenase enzymes (predominantly COX2)''' convert arachidonic acid into '''prostaglandins and thromboxanes''', crucial mediators in the development of <u>inflammation, pain and fever</u>. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are '''also produced constitutively (COX1)''' and serve numerous <u>homeostatic roles, including protection of the gastric mucosa and kidneys.</u>
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| − | ==Inhibition of COX==
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| − | It is thought that inhibition of '''constitutive COX1''' is responsible for many of the '''adverse effects''' of NSAIDs, e.g. gastric ulceration, impairment of renal function and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Both the gastric and renal effects are dose-related: the higher the dose the increased likelihood those side effects will develop. Even at normal therapeutic doses, renal effects are more likely in animals that are volume depleted, hypotensive or have pre-existing renal disease.
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| − | '''Aspirin''' induces <u>irreversible inactivation of platelet COX1</u>, making it an effective '''antithrombotic agent''' in horses. The effect of other commonly used NSAIDs on coagulation in horses is less clear; most are reversible inhibitors of COX1 and COX2.
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| − | ==Reduction of side effects==
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| − | In an attempt to decrease NSAID side effects, new compounds that selectively inhibit the COX2 isoform have been developed, although only a few of these compounds have been studied in animals. It appears that '''enzyme selectivity is very species dependent''', so a COX2 selective agent in one species may not be selective in another. Currently no NSAID has been shown to be a selective COX2 inhibitor in the horse.
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| − | ==Use in donkeys==
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| − | In donkeys, [[NSAIDs]] are used most commonly in the '''management of pain and inflammation''' (analgesia), including [[Laminitis - Donkey|laminitis]], and [[Hyperlipaemia - Donkey|hyperlipaemia]]. This large group of structurally diverse compounds
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| − | shares a number of common features, ''e.g.'' relatively short plasma half-lives but a long duration of effect, with small [[Pharmacokinetics - Donkey#Pharmacokinetic parameters used for designing dosing regimes|Vds]] (due in part to a high degree of plasma protein-binding).
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| − | ==Side effects==
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| − | Nearly all [[NSAIDs]] also potentially induce hepatic injury and this should be considered, particularly when these agents are administered concomitantly with other potentially hepatotoxic agents, such as the [[Potentiated-Sulphonamides|potentiated sulphonamides]]. [[NSAIDs]] should be used with '''particular care in aged animals''', particularly with '''pre-existing renal, cardiac or hepatic disease''', and in cases that are '''dehydrated, in shock or undergoing concurrent therapy with nephrotoxic drugs'''. Particular care is also required when [[NSAIDs]] are administered concurrently with other compounds that are also '''highly protein-bound''', ''e.g.'' the [[Sulphonamides|sulphonamides]].
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| − | ==Literature Search==
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| − | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
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| − | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(((title:(%22non+steroidal%22)+OR+subject:(%22non+steroidal%22))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey))))+OR+(((title:(analges*)+OR+subject:(analges*))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey))))+OR+(((title:(nonsteroidal)+OR+subject:(nonsteroidal)+OR+title:(NSAID)+OR+subject:(NSAID))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey)))) Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in donkeys related publications]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Horspool, L. (2008) Clinical pharmacology In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 12
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| | |linkpage =Pharmacology - Donkey | | |linkpage =Pharmacology - Donkey |
| | |linktext =Pharmacology - Donkey | | |linktext =Pharmacology - Donkey |
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| | |pagetype=Donkey | | |pagetype=Donkey |
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| − | {{infotable
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| − | |Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
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| − | |Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
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| − | }}
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| − | [[Category:Donkey]]
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| − | [[Category:Pharmacology_-_Donkey]]
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