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| − | [[Image:Donkey lying down.JPG|thumb|right|200px|<small><center>Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary]</center></small>]]
| + | {{review}} |
| − | [[Opioids]] (''e.g.''''' butorphanol, buprenorphine''') are classified either as (full) agonists, agonist-antagonists (partial agonists) or antagonists based on differing affinities and efficacy at μ-, κ- and δ-opioid receptors, which results in activation of descending inhibitory pathways and reduction in the transmission of nociceptive signals to higher centres in the brain. Opioid
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| − | receptors are widespread, resulting in a '''wide range of side effects''' including <u>respiratory depression, increased intracranial pressure, hypotension and inhibition of peristalsis,</u> which vary depending on the agent used.
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| − | '''Butorphanol''' (a κ-agonist-μ-antagonist), one of the most commonly used opioids in equines, produces '''ataxia, decreased gastrointestinal motility and decreased defecation''' and '''short-lasting, mild increases in heart rate and blood pressure''' in equines. The combination of an opioid with a sedative, such as [[Phenothiazines#Acepromazine|ACP]] or an [[Alpha-2 Agonists|α2 agonist]], provides very good quality standing restraint whilst reducing some of the CNS side effects, ''e.g.'' excitation and increased locomotion.
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| − | '''The neuroleptanalgesic combination of the potent opioid etorphine with the phenothiazine ACP should NOT be used in donkeys.'''
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| − | ==Literature Search==
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| − | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
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| − | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
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| − | <br><br><br>
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| − | [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(opioid)+OR+subject:(opioids))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey)+OR+od:(donkeys)) Opioids in donkeys publications]
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| − | ==References==
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| − | * Horspool, L. (2008) Clinical pharmacology In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 12
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| | |linkpage =Pharmacology - Donkey | | |linkpage =Pharmacology - Donkey |
| | |linktext =Pharmacology - Donkey | | |linktext =Pharmacology - Donkey |
| | + | |rspace={{Donkey}} |
| | |pagetype=Donkey | | |pagetype=Donkey |
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| − | {{infotable
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| − | |Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
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| − | |Maintitlebackcolour = B4CDCD
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| − | }}
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| − | [[Category:Donkey]]
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| − | [[Category:Pharmacology_-_Donkey]]
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