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| + | === ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'' === |
| − | Also known as: '''''Cat lungworm
| + | *The cat lungworm - a typical metastrongyloid. |
| | + | *Adults are small (approximately 1cm), and live in the lung parenchyma and small bronchioles. |
| | + | *Life-Cycle: |
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| − | Causes: '''''Aelurostrongylosis'''''
| + | → L1 with kinky tail in faeces |
| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | |name = ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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| − | |kingdom =
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| − | |phylum =
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| − | |class =[[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]
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| − | |sub-class =
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| − | |order =
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| − | |super-family =[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]
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| − | |family =[[:Category:Angiostrongylidae|Angiostrongylidae]]
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| − | |sub-family =
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| − | |genus =
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| − | |species =''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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| − | }}
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | Aelurostrongylosis is the disease caused by the cat lungworm ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'', which is found in many parts of Europe, the USA and Australia.
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| − | [[Image:Aeurostrongylus abstrusus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Aeurostrongylus abstrusus'' - Courtesy of the Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine]]
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| − | ==Hosts==
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| − | '''Intermediate hosts''': Molluscs, including snails and slugs, as well as paratenic hosts, including rodents, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.
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| − | '''Definitive host''': Cat.
| + | → mollusc intermediate host |
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| − | ==Identification==
| + | → cat infected '''either''' by eating an infected mollusc, '''or''' by eating a paratenic host that has eaten an infected mollusc |
| − | ''A. abstrusus'' are small parasites of the family [[Angiostrongylidae]], measuring around 1cm in length. The worms are long and thing, and the male has a bursa, but it is small and poorly developed. | + | *Infections often asymptomatic, but can cause serious respiratory problems, especially in immunocompromised cats. |
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| − | ==Life Cycle== | + | === Aelurostrongylosis === |
| − | This is an indirect lifecyle, involving two intermediate hosts, and a definitive host. The female is ovo-viviparous, and passes L1 within the host faeces. The L1 then infect the molluscs, and later develop into L2, then infective L3. The paratenic host ingests the molluscs. The cat, acting as the definitive host then ingests the L3, and becomes infected with the parasite.
| + | *Often asymptomatic; serious respiratory problems usually due to deficient immunity. |
| | + | *Prognosis poor. |
| | + | *Post mortem examination reveals greenish nodules in lungs. |
| | + | *Histopathology diferentiates these from tuberculosis. |
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| − | The larvae then travel to the lungs via the lymphatic system or the bloodstream. These can be seen as nodules on the lungs. They then hatch out, and are coughed up and swallowed. The parasite enters the alimentary tract, and is passed out in the faeces.
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| − | The parasite affects pulmonary parenchyma and causes aelurostrongylosis.
| + | Fenbendazole is licensed for treatment. |
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| − | ==Clinical Signs==
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| − | The disease is often '''asymptomatic''', and serious respiratory problems usually occur due to a deficient immunity, following [[FIV]] infection for example.
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| − | Respiratory signs are usually '''progressive and worstening'''. Heavy infections can cause '''severe bronchopneumonia''', with cats presenting with '''open-mouth breathing''' and abdominal effort.
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| − | There might also be '''coughing and sneezing''' and systemic signs such as '''anorexia, lethargy and wasting'''.
| + | [[Category:Metastrongyloidea]][[Category:Cat_Nematodes]] |
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| − | ==Diagnosis==
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| − | '''Radiography''' may reveal a diffuse interstitial pattern with focal peribronchial densities. An alveolar pattern may appear in severe cases.
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| − | '''Bronchial lavage''' may reveal characteristic coiled larvae with an undulating tail and spine and eosinophilic inflammation.
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| − | '''Haematology''' may reveal [[eosinophilia]].
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| − | '''Post mortem examination''' may reveal greenish nodules in the lungs.
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| − | Microscopically, eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells). There is submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls.
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| − | ==Treatment and Prevention==
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| − | Treatment is difficult and '''not often necessary''' unless the cat is showing clinical signs, as the disease is usually self-limiting.
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| − | '''Fenbendazole''' for 21 consecutive days is usually effective.
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| − | '''Imidacloprid with moxidectin''', '''emodepsid''', and '''selamectin are also effective''' according to Sandra Sawchuk's capsule report <ref>Sawchuk, S (2014) Best Practices for Lungworm Prevention & Treatment in Clinician's Brief, volume 12 number 1, January 2014, p 54</ref>, which reviews a selamectin lungworm efficacy study.<ref>Iannino F, Iannetti L, Paganico D, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of selamectin spot-on in cats infested with ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'' (Strongylida, Filariodidae) in a Central Italy cat shelter. ''Vet Parasitol'' 2013;197:258-262. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743419 PubMed link ]</ref> )
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| − | Ivermectin has also been used in some cases.
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| − | '''Control''' is only by prevention of hunting by cats.
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| − | {{Learning
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| − | |flashcards = [[Cytology Q&A 05]]
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| − | |literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=%22Aelurostrongylus+abstrusus%22&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=57&y=15&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all ''Aelurostrongylus abstrusus'' publications]
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| − | |Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/search?s=nematode Nematodes]
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| − | }}
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references />
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| − | * Merck and Co (2008) '''Merck veterinary Manual''' ''Merial''
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| − | * Bowman, D. (2002) '''Feline Clinical Parasitology''' ''Wiley-Blackwell''
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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{OpenPages}}
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| − | [[Category:Expert Review - Small Animal]]
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| − | [[Category:Angiostrongylidae]][[Category:Cat_Nematodes]] | |