Author, Donkey, Bureaucrats, Administrators
53,803
edits
Changes
Redirected page to Category:Systemic Mycoses
Line 1:
Line 1:
−{{unfinished}}+
−{{toplink
−|backcolour =
−|linkpage =Fungi
−|linktext =FUNGI
−|pagetype=Bugs
−}}
−<br>
−
−==Adiaspiromycosis==
−
−*Haplomycosis
−
−*''Emmonsia crescens''
−**Does not proliferate within the animal body
−**Each spore develops into a thick-walled spherule called an '''adiaspore'''
−
−*''Chrysosporium parvum, C. crescens''
−
−*Non-contageous, pulmonary mycosis
−
−*Worldwide
−
−*Found in soil
−
−*Affects burrowing rodents and small animals
−
−*Respiratory infection
−
−*Spetate hyphae with large numbers of small, round conidia either singly or in groups on the ends of the short conidiospores can be seen
−
−*Dimorphic
−
−*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
−==Aspergillosis==
−*Worldwide
−
−*Common laboratory contaminants
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus cleistothecia.jpg|<p><center>'''Aspergillus cleistothecia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−*Widely found in nature
−**Colonise a wide range of substrates under different environmental conditions
−**Abundant in hay, straw and grain which have heated during storage
−
−*Pathogenic species include ''Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A.niger'' and ''A. terreus''
−
−*May cause primary or secondary disease
−**Infection may be acute, chronic or benign
−
−*Avians:
−**Diffuse infection of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
−**Diffuse pneumonic form
−**Nodular form involving the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]]
−**Spores are inhaled
−**Yellow nodules in the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian Lungs|lungs]] and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology#Air Sacs|air sacs]]
−**The acute form usually affects young birds and is rapidly fatal (within 24-48 hours)
−***Signs include [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]], listlessness, pyrexia, loss of appetite and loss of condition
−***Sometimes convulsions may occur
−***Resembles Pullorum disease
−**The chronic form usually occurs in adult birds and is sporadic, presenting with milder clinical signs
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus swan.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in a swan'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−*Cattle:
−**Infection can cause abortion and ocular infections
−**Infections involve the [[Female Reproductive Tract -The Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]], [[Foetal Membranes - Anatomy & Physiology|fetal membranes]] and fetal skin
−**Lesions are usually up to 2mm in diameter and contain asteroid bodies with a germinated spore in the centre
−***Acute infection causes miliary lesions
−***Chronic infections causes granulomatous and calcified lesions
−
−*Horses:
−**[[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|Guttural pouch mycosis]] common
−**Infection can cause abortion
−**May cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)|COPD]]
−
−*Dogs, cats and sheep:
−**Infections occur, but infrequently
−**[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] most usually affected
−**Disseminated form with granulomas and infarcts can occur in dogs
−**Pulmonary and intersitital forms can occur in cats
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus in vivo.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus in vivo'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−*Humans:
−**Primary and secondary infections
−**[[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Skin - Anatomy & Physiology|skin]], [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal sinuses]], [[Special Senses - Auditory - Anatomy & Physiology#Outer Ear|external ear]], [[Bronchi and bronchioles - Anatomy & Physiology|bronchi]], [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]] and meninges all affected
−**Infection occurs most frequently in immunocompromised patients
−
−*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
−**White colonies intitially which turn green, then dark green, flat and velvety
−**Colony colour varies with species
−
−*Also grows on Czapek-Dox agar and 2% malt extract agar supplemented with antibacterial antibiotics
−
−*Microscopically:
−**Conidiophores with large terminal vesicles (only visible in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]] and air sacs where there is access to oxygen)
−***Vesicle shape varies depending on the species
−**Is a common contaminant so repeated tests should be done for a definitive diagnosis
−
−*Serology:
−**Gel immunodiffusion for canine nasal asper
−
−*Treatment:
−**Surgery
−**Antifungal drugs
−***[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Nystatin]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]], [[Antifungal Drugs#Flucytosine|5-fluorocytosine]], [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Thiabendazole]]
−
−*Pathology:
−**''Aspergillus fumigatus'' causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], [[Respiratory Fungal Infections - Pathology#|respiratory tract inflammation]] and [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
−**Sometimes appears on [[Nasal Cavity Hyperplastic and Neoplastic - Pathology#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|lesions of ethmoidal haematoma]]
−
−{| align="center"
−|<gallery>Image:Aspergillus sporing heads.jpg|<center><p>'''Aspergillus sporing heads'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
−Image:Canine nasal asper radiograph.jpg|<center><p>'''Canine nasal aspergillus radiograph'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−
−==Blastomycosis==
−
−*North America
−**Most common in the North-Central and South-Eastern states
−
−*Caused by ''Blastomyces dermatitidis''
−
−*Widespread in soil
−
−*Respiratory infection
−
−*Lesions start in the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
−**Haematogenous dissemination
−**Can be found in lesions in the eyes, brain, bones and genitalia
−**Fatal if not treated
−
−*Lesions are also found on the skin
−*These may ulcerate
−
−*Granulomatous nodules
−
−*Affects mainly dogs (and humans)
−**Can affect cats, horses, dolphins, ferrets and sealions but is rare in these species
−
−*Microscopically:
−**Large, spherical, thick-walled cells
−**Single buds connected to a mother cell by a wide base
−**Double contoured effect of cells
−
−*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
−**On Sabauraud's Dextrose colonies appear moist and grey with a white cotton-like mycelium which turns tan, brown and then black
−***Septate hyphae
−***Small, oval/pyriform conidia
−***Older cultures have thickened walls
−**On Blood agar colonies are creamy in colour, waxy and wrinkled
−***Thick-walled budding yeast cells can be seen
−
−*Diagnosis:
−**Complement fixation test
−**Falling antibody titres indicate a poor prognosis
−**ELISA and counterimmunoelectrophoresis can also be used
−
−*Treatment:
−**[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
−**[[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Imidazoles]]
−
−==Coccidioidomycosis==
−[[Image:Coccidioidomycosis.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coccidioidomycosis spherule histopathology - Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath]]
−*''Coccidioides immitis''
−
−*Ocurs in the soil
−**Respiratory infections
−**Most commonly seen following dust storms
−
−*Occurs in arid regions
−**E.g. South West USA and Mexico
−
−*Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
−
−*Affects dogs, cattle, sheep and humans
−
−*Mainly affects the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
−**Dissemination can occur to other organs
−
−*Causes nodule or granuloma formation
−**Localised
−**Gross lesions resemble [[Mycobacteria spp.#Bovine tuberculosis|Tb]] in cattle as are usually seen in the bronchial and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] and occasionally [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
−**Dissemination can occur, especially in primates and dogs, to the [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]], [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]], [[Nervous System - CNS - Anatomy & Physiology|brain]] and [[Bones and Cartilage - Anatomy & Physiology|bones]]
−
−*Thick-walled spherules in tissue
−**Large sporangia burst leaving 'ghost' spherules
−
−*Saprophytic phase consists of coarse, septate, branching hyphae which fragment into thick-walled, barrel-shaped arthrospores which alternate with empty cells
−**Stained by Lactose Phenol Cotton Blue
−
−*Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar and Blood agar
−**Flat, moist colonies which develop a coarse, cotton-like aerial mycelium which varies from white to brown in colour
−
−*Complement fixation test, latex agglutination and immunodiffusion tests can all be used
−**A positive skin test indicates exposure
−
−==Entomophthoromycisus==
−
−*Basidiobolmycosis
−
−*Caused by ''Basidiobolus'' and ''Conidiobulus'' fungi
−
−*Causes ulcerative granulomas in subcutaneous tissue
−
−*Affects the oral and nasal mucous membranes
−
−*''Basidiobolus'' causes large lesions which may involve skin on the head, neck and chest
−**Fistulous tracts
−**Extends to [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]
−
−*Produce flat, waxy colonies which become white and fizzy over time
−
−*Microscopically:
−**Septate hyphae
−
−*Treatment:
−**Surgical excision
−**[[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] or [[Antifungal Drugs#The Azoles|Ketoconazole]]
−
−==Histoplasmosis==
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−
−*''Histoplasma capsulatum''
−
−*Non-contageous, systemic mycosis
−
−*Commonly pulmonary infections occur
−**Other organs can be involved
−**Involves the reticuloendothelial system
−**Intestinal form can also occur
−
−*Acute and chronic disease can occur
−
−*Endemic to the USA
−**Isolated cases have been reported in Europe
−
−*Respiratory infection
−**Infection via ingestion can also occur
−
−*Affects dogs, cats, cattle, horses and humans
−
−*Found in soil contaminated by bird droppings, decaying vegetation and in caves inhabited by bats
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis lung.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis lesions in lungs'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−*Fine, branching, septate hyphae with smooth-walled pyriform to spherical microconidia and large, thick-walled tuberculate macroconidia on simple conidiophores
−
−*Dimorphic fungi
−
−*Hard to demonstrate in smears as the organisms is very small
−**Stain with Giemsa or Wright and examine under oil immersion lens
−
−*Present intracellularly in [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] as oval yeast cells with few buds
−**Clear halo is seen around the darker staining central material
−
−*Grows on Sabouraud's Dextrose agar
−**Creamy white colonies, turning tan coloured and then brown
−
−*Also grows on Blood agar
−**Small, white yeast-like colonies
−
−*Test using immunodiffusion, complement fixation and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
−**Skin test of little value as it only indicates exposure
−
−*Treatment with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
−**If [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]] is contra-indicated, [[Antifungal Drugs#Imidazoles|imidazoles]] can be given orally
−
−*The prognosis is poor in acute and disseminated cases
−
−
−{| align="center"
−|<gallery>Image:Histoplasmosis canine spleen silver stain.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis in a canine spleen using silver stain'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
−Image:Histoplasmosis phagocyte.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis phagocyte'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
−Image:Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Histoplasmosis tuberculate chlamydospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−
−==Zygomycosis==
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Mucor liver.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor liver'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−
−*Also known as mucormycosis, hyphomycosis and phycomycosis
−
−*Caused by strains of ''Mucor, Absidia, Rhizopus'' and ''Mortierella''
−**''Mucor circinelloides''(rare), ''Rhizomucor pusillus'' and ''R. meihi''
−**''Absidia corymbifera'' often causes zygomycosis in cattle and pigs
−**''Rhizopus arrhizus, R. microsporus'' and ''R. rhizopodormis''
−**''Mortierella wolfi'' implicated in bovine abortion (mycotic placentitis), ''M. hygrophila'' in fowl and ''M.polycephala'' in cattle
−
−*Occurs widely in nature
−
−*Infection is by inhalation and ingestion
−
−*Infects [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] of the [[Cardiorespiratory System - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory]] and [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|alimentary tract]]
−**[[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|Lymph nodes]] enlarge and become caseous
−**Can cause [[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology#Stomach|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal]] ulcers
−
−
−*Granulomatous lesions which can ulcerate
−{| align="right"
−|<gallery>Image:Mucor rumen.jpg|<center><p>'''Mucor mould on the ruminal surface'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup?</center></gallery>
−|}
−*Mostly localised lesions but can be generalised
−*Pigs
−**Mediastinal and submandibular [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
−**Embolic tumours in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and [[Lungs - Anatomy & Physiology|lungs]]
−**Can also be present in gastric ulcers
−
−*Cattle
−**Bronchial, mesenteric and mediastinal [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] lesions
−**Ulcers of the [[Nasal cavity - Anatomy & Physiology|nasal cavity]] and [[The Abomasum - Anatomy & Physiology|abomasum]] also occur
−**Often contaminate the [[Gestation -Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|placenta]]
−
−*Horses, dogs, cats, sheep, mink, guinea-pigs and mice can also be infected
−
−*Microscopically:
−**Fragments of non-septate hyphae which are branched and coarse
−**''Rhizomucor'' produce a thick, grey mycelium and have short, black, spherical sporangia
−**''Mucor'' produce thick, colourless mycelium with no rhizoids. Globose spoangia with small spores are present and sporagiospores are simple or branched.
−**''Absidia'' resemble ''Rhizopus'' grossly
−**''Mortierella'' produce white, velvet colonies on Sabouraud's Dextrose and Blood agar
−
−*Grows on Sabauraud's Dextrose agar
−**Common contaminants
−
−*Treatment is with [[Antifungal Drugs#Polyene Antifungals|Amphotericin B]]
−**Surgery is also an option in treatment
−{| align="center"
−|<gallery>Image:Saprolegnia salmon.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia salmon'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
−Image:Saprolegnia.jpg|<center><p>'''Saprolegnia'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center>
−Image:Sporangiospores.jpg|<center><p>'''Sporangiospores'''</p><sup>Copyright Professor Andrew N. Rycroft, BSc, PHD, C. Biol.F.I.Biol., FRCPath</sup></center></gallery>
−|}
−
−==Further Links==
−
−*[[Antifungal Drugs]]
#REDIRECT[[:Category:Systemic Mycoses]]
−