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====Nematodes====
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====[[Liver Nematodes]]====
*these cause damage during migration through the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
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*
=====Ascaris suum=====
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*Ascariasis
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*''''milk spot' liver'''
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*pigs
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*common incidental finding at post mortem examination
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*affected [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|livers]] are condemned at meat inspection
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======Gross======
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*initial haemorrhagic tracts through the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] attributed to the migration of ascarid larvae
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*later stages show fibrosis of these tracts as poorly defined, diffuse, white spots on the capsular surface
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======Microscopically======
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*initial haemorrhage and necrosis of parenchyma along the tracts
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*later repair by fibrous tissue at foci
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*inflammatory cell response contains many [[Eosinophils - WikiBlood|eosinophils]], as well as [[Lymphocytes - WikiBlood|lymphocytes]] and [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]]
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=====Strongyles=====
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*horses
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*it is common to find fibrous tags incidentally on the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] surface and adjacent diaphragm
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*these are remnants of fibrous repair following the egress of the parasites from the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]
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====Cestodes====
 
====Cestodes====
 
*tapeworms
 
*tapeworms
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**white or yellow foci are visible on the surface
 
**white or yellow foci are visible on the surface
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== Peliosis hepatica ==
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*Dogs and cats
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*Vasculoproliferative disorder – cystic, blood filled spaces in the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] , surrounded by fibromyxoid matrix containing inflammatory cells and dilated capillaries.
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*Spaces may merge with hepatic sinuosoids.
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*May be associated with Bartonella henselae infection.
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*Natural host is the cat
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*Transmitted between cats by fleas
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*Cause of cat-scratch fever and bacillary angiomatosis in humans
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== Lobular dissecting hepatitis ==
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*Rare cause of chronic [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] failure in young dogs
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*Less than 5yrs of age
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*Standard poodle overrepresented
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*Gross findings:
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**Micronodular microhepatica, ascites, numerous portosystemic shunts
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*Histology:
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**Hepatic architecture disrupted by collagen and reticulin fibres separating the hepatic lobules into small clusters and individual cells
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**Hepatocytes mutlifocally swollen, lightly eosinophilic, some binucleated.
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**Variable nodular regeneration.
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**Scattered necrotic cells and occasional foci of inflammation.
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*Cu2+ accumulation not a consistent finding.
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*Aetiology – possibly a specific reaction pattern in neonatal/juvenile [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] .
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*Differentials:
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**Copper toxicity
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**Copper storage disease
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**Aflatoxin
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**Infectious diseases such as Leptospria spp. and CAV-1.
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== Hepatitis in cats ==
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*2 main types
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**cholangiohepatitis
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***cholangitis
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***periportal hepatocellular necrosis
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***neutrophils in the portal areas
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***acute or chronic.
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***Usually male, pure bred
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*** Cats more ill than lymphocytic portal hepatitis.
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***Higher ALT and serum bilirubin levels.
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**Lymphocytic portal hepatitis
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***infiltration of portal areas with lymphocytes and plasma cells
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***no cholangitis
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***no periportal hepatocellular necrosis.
       
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