Innate Immunology Quiz/2

WIKIQUIZ

Questions reviewed by:

Dr Sabine Tötemeyer, DiplBiol PhD FHEA Lecturer in Cellular Microbiology

1

Typically, there are large numbers of neutrophils and which other cell 12 hours after the beginning of a bacterial infection? Mast cell Macrophage Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Please select an option Incorrect. Mast cells will be present but there will not be large numbers of mast cells compared to neutrophils. At 12 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction to a bacterial infection, there are typically large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. There are exceptions, for example, in salmonellosis, macrophages are not such a predominant cell type until later in the inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! At 12 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction to a bacterial infection, there are typically large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. There are exceptions, for example, in salmonellosis, macrophages are not such a predominant cell type until later in the inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Lymphocytes will be present but there will not be large numbers of lymphocytes compared to neutrophils. At 12 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction to a bacterial infection, there are typically large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. There are exceptions, for example, in salmonellosis, macrophages are not such a predominant cell type until later in the inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Basophils will be present but there will not be large numbers compared to neutrophils. At 12 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction to a bacterial infection, there are typically large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. There are exceptions, for example, in salmonellosis, macrophages are not such a predominant cell type until later in the inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Eosinophils will be present but there will not be large numbers of eosinophils compared to neutrophils. At 12 hours after the beginning of an inflammatory reaction to a bacterial infection, there are typically large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. There are exceptions, for example, in salmonellosis, macrophages are not such a predominant cell type until later in the inflammatory reaction. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

2

What is the main constituent of pus? Neutrophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Basophils Please select an option Correct! Pus is mainly formed of neutrophils and bacteria. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and once the neutrophil dies, it is also phagocytosed by a macrophage. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Eosinophils do not make up a significant proportion of pus. Pus is mainly formed of neutrophils and bacteria. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and once the neutrophil dies, it is also phagocytosed by a macrophage. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Lymphocytes do not make up a significant proportion of pus. Pus is mainly formed of neutrophils and bacteria. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and once the neutrophil dies, it is also phagocytosed by a macrophage. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Monocytes do not make up a significant proportion of pus but they do play a part in the formation of pus. Pus is mainly formed of neutrophils and bacteria. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and once the neutrophil dies, it is also phagocytosed by a macrophage, a tissue bound monocyte. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Basophils do not make up a significant proportion of pus. Pus is mainly formed of neutrophils and bacteria. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and once the neutrophil dies, it is also phagocytosed by a macrophage. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

3

Which two pathogens are macrophages commonly associated with? Parasites and fungi Prions and viruses Bacteria and Protozoa Fungi and protozoa Bacteria and viruses Please select an option Incorrect. Macrophages are not commonly associated with parasites or fungi as they do not possess the ability to neutralise either organism, although a macrophage response is critical in canine Leishmaniasis. Macrophages are commonly associated with bacteria and protozoa. This is because macrophages are phagocytic and these pathogens are best dealt with by phagocytosis. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Macrophages are not commonly associated with prions as they do not possess the ability to neutralise the prion, and although they would be able to deal with a virus infected cell by phagocytosis but it is not the most common pathogen with which they are associated. Macrophages are commonly associated with bacteria and protozoa. This is because macrophages are phagocytic and these pathogens are best dealt with by phagocytosis. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Correct! Macrophages are commonly associated with bacteria and protozoa. This is because macrophages are phagocytic and these pathogens are best dealt with by phagocytosis. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Macrophages are not commonly associated with fungi as they do not possess the ability to neutralise the fungi; however you are correct that they are associated with protozoal immunity. The correct answer is that macrophages are commonly associated with bacteria, protozoa and tumor cells. This is because macrophages are phagocytic and these pathogens are best dealt with by phagocytosis. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Macrophages would be able to deal with a virus infected cell by phagocytosis but it is not the most common pathogen, however you are correct that they are associated with bacterial immunity. The correct answer is that macrophages are commonly associated with bacteria and protozoa and also tumor cells. This is because macrophages are phagocytic and these pathogens are best dealt with by phagocytosis. WikiVet Article: Macrophages

4

What is the general name for Monocytes that reside in tissue? Kupffer cells Macrophages Clara cells Megakaryocytes Mast cells Please select an option Incorrect. Kupffer cells are macrophages that are specific only to the liver and are not found elsewhere in the body. Monocytes that move from circulation to tissue become macrophages. They still have the same immune role and phagocytic capabilities. WikiVet Article: Macrophages 'Correct! Monocytes that move from circulation to tissue become macrophages. They still have the same immune role and phagocytic capabilities. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Clara cells are found in the lungs/bronchi and are able to protect the epithelial surface. Monocytes that move from circulation to tissue become macrophages. They still have the same immune role and phagocytic capabilities. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Megakaryocytes are found in bone marrow and produce thrombocytes. Monocytes that move from circulation to tissue become macrophages. They still have the same immune role and phagocytic capabilities. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Mast cells are tissue based granular cells that play a role in inflammation. Mast cells are closely related to basophils. Monocytes that move from circulation to tissue become macrophages. They still have the same immune role and phagocytic capabilities. WikiVet Article: Macrophages

5

What are macrophages situated in the liver called? Parietal cells Hepatoid cells Kupffer cells Stellate cells Clara cells Please select an option Incorrect. Parietal cells are found in the stomach wall and secrete gastric acid. Macrophage cells that reside within the liver are called Kupffer cells. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Hepatoid cells are not related to the liver but are called this because they look like hepatic cells under a microscope. Hepatoid cells are actually found in dogs perianal glands. Macrophage cells that reside within the liver are called Kupffer cells. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Correct! Macrophage cells that reside within the liver are called Kupffer cells. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Stellate cells are neuronal cells that have a junction box role. Macrophage cells that reside within the liver are called Kupffer cells. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Clara cells are found in the lungs/bronchi and are able to protect the epithelial surface. Macrophage cells that reside within the liver are called Kupffer cells. WikiVet Article: Macrophages

6

What are macrophages situated in the brain called? Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte Mast cell Stellate cells Microglia Please select an option Incorrect. Oligodendrocytes are insulation cells that act in the same manner as Schwann cells but are found in the central nervous system. Macrophage cells located in the brain are microglia. Microglia represent the main form of defense of the central nervous system. Microglia are also able to act as antigen presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Astrocytes are support cells found in the brain and spinal cord. Macrophage cells located in the brain are microglia. Microglia represent the main form of defense of the central nervous system. Microglia are also able to act as antigen presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Mast cells are tissue based granular cells that play a role in inflammation. Mast cells are closely related to basophils. Macrophage cells located in the brain are microglia. Microglia represent the main form of defense of the central nervous system. Microglia are also able to act as antigen presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Stellate cells are neuronal cells that have a junction box role. Macrophage cells located in the brain are microglia. Microglia represent the main form of defense of the central nervous system. Microglia are also able to act as antigen presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes. WikiVet Article: Macrophages Correct! Macrophage cells located in the brain are microglia. Microglia represent the main form of defense of the central nervous system. Microglia are also able to act as antigen presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes. WikiVet Article: Macrophages

7

Under a microscope what is a key feature of microglia cells? Multinucleate Kidney-shaped nucleus Long cytoplasmic process Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Please select an option Incorrect. Microglia cells do not have a prominent nucleus and it is usually elongated. Microglia are brain tissue based macrophages and therefore have both a phagocytic and antigen presenting roles. Long cytoplasmic processes increase the surface area of the cell for antigen presenting roles. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. Microglia do not have a prominent nucleus and it is usually elongated. Microglia are brain tissue based macrophages and therefore have both a phagocytic and antigen presenting roles. Long cytoplasmic processes increase the surface area of the cell for antigen presenting roles. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Correct! Microglia have long cytoplasmic processes. Microglia are brain tissue based macrophages and therefore have both a phagocytic and antigen presenting roles. Long cytoplasmic processes increase the surface area of the cell for antigen presenting roles. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. Golgi apparatus are not visible under a microscope. Microglia are brain tissue based macrophages and therefore have both a phagocytic and antigen presenting roles. Long cytoplasmic processes increase the surface area of the cell for antigen presenting roles. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. Although ribosomes can alter the appearance of a cell giving it a granular appearance, microglia do not have a heavily granulated appearance. Microglia are brain tissue based macrophages and therefore have both a phagocytic and antigen presenting roles. Long cytoplasmic processes increase the surface area of the cell for antigen presenting roles. WikiVet Article: Macrophage

8

What are the giant cells that are formed by the fusion of macrophages called? Natural killer cells Kupffer cells Megakaryocytes Langerhan's cells Langhan’s cells Please select an option Incorrect. Natural killer cells are lymphocytes. Macrophages often fuse when they simulataneously phagocytose target cells. Once the macrophage cells have fused they are called Langhan’s cells. When this occurs a number of different outcomes can occur such as a number of small nuclei, a very large cytoplasm or a single large nucleus.WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Kupffer cells are tissue based macrophages found in the liver. Kupffer cells have not fused with any other macrophage cells. Macrophages often fuse when they simulataneously phagocytose target cells. Once the macrophage cells have fused they are called Langhan’s cells. When this occurs a number of different outcomes can occur such as a number of small nuclei, a very large cytoplasm or a single large nucleus.WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Megakaryocytes are found in bone marrow and produce thrombocytes. Macrophages often fuse when they simulataneously phagocytose target cells. Once the macrophage cells have fused they are called Langhan’s cells. When this occurs a number of different outcomes can occur such as a number of small nuclei, a very large cytoplasm or a single large nucleus.WikiVet Article: Macrophages Incorrect. Langerhan's cells are skin dendritic cells, and should not be confused with Langhan's cells. Macrophages often fuse when they simulataneously phagocytose target cells. Once the macrophage cells have fused they are called Langhan’s cells. When this occurs a number of different outcomes can occur such as a number of small nuclei, a very large cytoplasm or a single large nucleus.WikiVet Article: Macrophages Correct! Macrophages often fuse when they simulataneously phagocytose target cells. Once the macrophage cells have fused they are called Langhan’s cells. When this occurs a number of different outcomes can occur such as a number of small nuclei, a very large cytoplasm or a single large nucleus.WikiVet Article: Macrophages

9

How long do Monocytes remain in circulation before entering tissues? 3 days 1 day 2 days 5 days 4 days Please select an option Correct! Monocytes remain in circulation for approximately three days before moving into interstitial fluids via diapediesis. Once within tissues they are called macrophages. WikiVet Article: Monocytes Incorrect. Monocytes remain in circulation for approximately three days before moving into interstitial fluids via diapediesis. Once within tissues they are called macrophages. WikiVet Article: Monocytes Incorrect. Monocytes remain in circulation for approximately three days before moving into interstitial fluids via diapediesis. Once within tissues they are called macrophages. WikiVet Article: Monocytes Incorrect. Monocytes remain in circulation for approximately three days before moving into interstitial fluids via diapediesis. Once within tissues they are called macrophages. WikiVet Article: Monocytes Incorrect. Monocytes remain in circulation for approximately three days before moving into interstitial fluids via diapediesis. Once within tissues they are called macrophages. WikiVet Article: Monocytes

10

Where would the macrophage called ‘melanophage’ be found? Fat Skin Liver Kidney Brain Please select an option Incorrect. Macrophages that are found in areas of fat are called lipophages. A melanophage is found in the skin. It is called a melanophage because it contains melanin, which is a form of pigment found in the skin. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Correct! A melanophage is found in the skin. It is called a melanophage because it contains melanin, which is a form of pigment found in the skin. WikiVet Article: Macrophage 'Incorrect. Macrophages found in the liver are called Kupffer cells. They protect the liver during filtration. A melanophage is found in the skin. It is called a melanophage because it contains melanin, which is a form of pigment found in the skin. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. Macrophages found in the kidney are called mesangial cells. They are situated around the glomerulus where they provide protection during filtration.A melanophage is found in the skin. It is called a melanophage because it contains melanin, which is a form of pigment found in the skin. WikiVet Article: Macrophage Incorrect. Macrophages found in the brain are called microglia cells. They provide the main immune protection within the central nervous system. A melanophage is found in the skin. It is called a melanophage because it contains melanin, which is a form of pigment found in the skin. WikiVet Article: Macrophage

11

What do the granules of basophils contain? Perforin Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins Phosphatase & metalloproteinases Heparin & histamine Enzymes e.g. collagenase Please select an option Incorrect. Perforin is released by cytotoxic T cells and forms a pore in the target cell causing cell lysis. The granules found in basophils contain heparin and histamine. These compounds play a major role in inflammation and have a very powerful and damaging effect on all surrounding tissue whether foreign or self. WikiVet Article: Basophils 'Incorrect. Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils. The granules found in basophils contain heparin and histamine. These compounds play a major role in inflammation and have a very powerful and damaging effect on all surrounding tissue whether foreign or self. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Phophatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils. The granules found in basophils contain heparin and histamine. These compounds play a major role in inflammation and have a very powerful and damaging effect on all surrounding tissue whether foreign or self. WikiVet Article: Basophils Correct! The granules found in basophils contain heparin and histamine. These compounds play a major role in inflammation and have a very powerful and damaging effect on all surrounding tissue whether foreign or self. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Enzymes such as collagenase are found in the secondary granules of neutrophils. The granules found in basophils contain heparin and histamine. These compounds play a major role in inflammation and have a very powerful and damaging effect on all surrounding tissue whether foreign or self. WikiVet Article: Basophils

12

Which substance found in basophils has anticoagulant properties? Heparin Histamine Defensins Hydrolase Myeloperoxidase Please select an option Correct! Heparin is a substance found in the granules in basophils and when released has anticoagulant properties. This property is partly responsible for the swelling associated with infection. Heparin helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the infected area rather than being held up by clotted blood vessels. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Histamine is a granule found in basophils but it does not have anticoagulant properties. Histamine causes vasodilation in local tissues. Heparin is a granule found in basophils and when released has anticoagulant properties. This property is partly responsible for the swelling associated with infection. Heparin helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the infected area rather than being held up by clotted blood vessels. WikiVet Article: Basophils 'Defensins are not a granule found in basophils but are found in neutrophils as a primary granule. Heparin is a granule found in basophils and when released has anticoagulant properties. This property is partly responsible for the swelling associated with infection. Heparin helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the infected area rather than being held up by clotted blood vessels. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Hydrolase is not a granule found in basophils but is found in neutrophils as a primary granule. Heparin is a granule found in basophils and when released has anticoagulant properties. This property is partly responsible for the swelling associated with infection. Heparin helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the infected area rather than being held up by clotted blood vessels. WikiVet Article: Basophils Incorrect. Myeloperoxidase is not a granule found in basophils but is found in neutrophils as a primary granule. Heparin is a granule found in basophils and when released has anticoagulant properties. This property is partly responsible for the swelling associated with infection. Heparin helps to ensure that other immune cells are quickly able to reach the infected area rather than being held up by clotted blood vessels. WikiVet Article: Basophils

13

What do azurophilic granules found in neutrophils contain? Complement activators Histamine & heparin Phosphatase & metalloproteinases Collagenase Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins Please select an option Incorrect. Complement activators are found in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Histamine and heparin are found in basophils and mast cells. Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils 'Incorrect. Phosphatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils. Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Enzymes such as collagenase are found in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils 'Correct! Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

14

What do tertiary granules found in neutrophils contain? Phosphatases & metalloproteinases Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins Histamine & heparin Complement activators Collagenase Please select an option Correct! Phosphatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils 'InCorrect! Myeloperoxidase, hydrolase & defensins are all found in the azurophilic (primary) granules of neutrophils. Phophatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Histamine and heparin are found in basophils and mast cells. Phosphatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Complement activators are found in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Phosphatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils.WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Enzymes such as collagenase are found in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Phosphatases and metalloproteinases are found in the tertiary granules of neutrophils. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils

15

What is the process called by which a cell passes through a capillary wall? Pinocytosis Perfusion Diffusion Active transport Diapedesis Please select an option Incorrect. Pinocytosis or 'cellular drinking' is a process of endocytosis in which liquids suspended in small vesicles are transported into cells. This process is not related to cell movements as a whole. The process by which a cell uses an amoeboid movement to pass through a capillary wall is called diapedesis. Within the endothelium, there are a number of interendothelial spaces that white blood cells are able to pass through when travelling at low speeds. Increased diapedesis is part of the reason for swelling during inflammation, as a result of increased hydrostatic and osmotic pressures within the vessels.As a result of this, more leukocytes can gain access to the tissue in order to fight the pathogen. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils 'Incorrect. Perfusion is the process of nutrient delivery to tissues via blood. The process by which a cell uses an amoeboid movement to pass through a capillary wall is called diapedesis. Within the endothelium, there are a number of interendothelial spaces that white blood cells are able to pass through when travelling at low speeds. Increased diapedesis is part of the reason for swelling during inflammation, as a result of increased hydrostatic and osmotic pressures within the vessels.As a result of this, more leukocytes can gain access to the tissue in order to fight the pathogen. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Diffusion is the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. Cells do not usually move along a diffusion gradient as they are independently motile and respond to cytokines and chemokines. The process by which a cell uses an amoeboid movement to pass through a capillary wall is called diapedesis. Within the endothelium, there are a number of interendothelial spaces that white blood cells are able to pass through when travelling at low speeds. Increased diapedesis is part of the reason for swelling during inflammation, as a result of increased hydrostatic and osmotic pressures within the vessels.As a result of this, more leukocytes can gain access to the tissue in order to fight the pathogen. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Incorrect. Active transport is the process cells use to move molecules across their cell membranes often against electrochemical gradients. Active transport is not directly related to cell movement through capillary walls. The process by which a cell uses an amoeboid movement to pass through a capillary wall is called diapedesis. Within the endothelium, there are a number of interendothelial spaces that white blood cells are able to pass through when travelling at low speeds. Increased diapedesis is part of the reason for swelling during inflammation, as a result of increased hydrostatic and osmotic pressures within the vessels.As a result of this, more leukocytes can gain access to the tissue in order to fight the pathogen. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils Correct! The process by which a cell uses an amoeboid movement to pass through a capillary wall is called diapedesis. Within the endothelium, there are a number of interendothelial spaces that white blood cells are able to pass through when travelling at low speeds. Increased diapedesis is part of the reason for swelling during inflammation, as a result of increased hydrostatic and osmotic pressures within the vessels.As a result of this, more leukocytes can gain access to the tissue in order to fight the pathogen. WikiVet Article: Neutrophils