Difference between revisions of "Arterial Diseases - WikiClinical"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Dog]]
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|backcolour =
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|linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical
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|linktext =Cardiology
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|sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical
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|subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
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|maplink1= Cardiovascular Conditions (Content Map) - WikiClinical
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|pagetype=Clinical
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}}
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<br>
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{{dog}}{{cat}}
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==[[Hypertension, Systemic]]==
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===[[Pulmonary Hypertension]]===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==[[Thrombosis]]==
 +
 
 +
==Thromboembolism==
 +
[[Image:sarcoma embolus.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Sarcoma embolus (dog)'''. Courtesy of T. Scase</center></small>]]
 +
 
 +
===Description===
 +
 
 +
*As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin. 
 +
 
 +
*The most significant sites of thromboembolic formation are the following: lungs, CNS, terminal aorta, kidneys.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Requirements for thromboembolism formation:
 +
'''
 +
 
 +
1. Disruption of endothelial integrity
 +
 
 +
2. Disruption of flow
 +
 
 +
3. Disruption of blood haemostasis
 +
 
 +
4. Disruption of fibrinolysis
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''The incidence of thromboembolism greatly increases with certain diseases including:
 +
'''
 +
 
 +
-Heart Disease
 +
 
 +
-Neoplasia
 +
 
 +
-Blood Disorders
 +
 
 +
-Parasitic Diseases
 +
 
 +
-Hyperadrenocorticism
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====Diagnosis====
 +
 
 +
=====History & Clinical Signs=====
 +
 
 +
'''5 P's:'''
 +
 
 +
-Pain
 +
 
 +
-Paresis
 +
 
 +
-Pallor
 +
 
 +
-Pulselessness
 +
 
 +
-Polar (cold extremities)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Long Term Effects:'''
 +
 
 +
-Necrosis
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''Specific Problems:'''
 +
 
 +
*Signs are dependant on site of thromboembolism
 +
 
 +
-Neurological problems (acute)
 +
 
 +
-Renal Failure (acute)
 +
 
 +
-Dyspnoea (acute)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====Laboratory Findings====
 +
 
 +
*Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site
 +
 
 +
 
 +
-Hyperkalemia
 +
 
 +
-Acidosis
 +
 
 +
-Increased Lactate
 +
 
 +
-Azotemia
 +
 
 +
-Elevated serum creatine phospohokinase
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography====
 +
 
 +
-Clots may be seen by the above methods
 +
 
 +
===Treatment===
 +
 
 +
-Treat underlying conditions
 +
 
 +
-Pain Relief (e.g. morphine)
 +
 
 +
-Support with IV fluids
 +
 
 +
-Anticoagulants:
 +
 
 +
1. Heparin
 +
 
 +
2. Aspirin
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Prognosis===
 +
 
 +
-Grave
 +
 
 +
==Arteriovenous Fistula==
 +
 
 +
===Description===
 +
 
 +
*As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein.  This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored.  We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here. 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
'''The consequences of an arteriovenous fistula are the following:'''
 +
 
 +
1. Increased blood return to the right heart raises cardiac output
 +
 
 +
2. Decreased blood perfusion at the affected site
 +
 
 +
3. Venous hypertension
 +
 
 +
 
 +
*Predisposing causes of arteriovenous fistula formations are: trauma, surgery, neoplasia, etc.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Diagnosis===
 +
 
 +
====History & Clinical Signs====
 +
 
 +
*Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed.
 +
 
 +
-Subcutaneous edema
 +
 
 +
-Warm Swelling
 +
 
 +
-Inflammation
 +
 
 +
-Pain +/-
 +
 
 +
-Palpable vibration (thrill) over fistula
 +
 
 +
-Increased pulse & heart rate
 +
 
 +
-Audible continuous murmur over the fistula site
 +
 
 +
-Branham sign (decreased heart rate with surgical occlusion of blood flow to fistula)
 +
 
 +
 
 +
====Angiography====
 +
 
 +
-Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein
 +
 
 +
 +
====Ultrasonography====
 +
 
 +
-Abnormal flow visualized
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Treatment===
 +
 
 +
-Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area
 +
 
 +
-(+/-) Amputation
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Prognosis===
 +
 
 +
-Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula
 +
 
 +
-Poor if surgical ligation is unsuccessful at stopping blood flow through the fistula
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Vasculitis==
 +
 
 +
===Description===
 +
 
 +
*Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels. 
 +
 
 +
*Causes of vessel inflammation are due to the following: neoplasia, infection, toxins, drug reactions, trauma, drug reactions, hypersensativity reactions etc.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
===Diagnosis===
 +
 
 +
====History & Clinical Signs====
 +
 
 +
-Heat
 +
 
 +
-Edema
 +
 
 +
-Pain
 +
 
 +
-Petechiation
 +
 
 +
-Thrombosis
 +
 
 +
-Hemolysis

Revision as of 14:40, 1 July 2010

 This article has been peer reviewed but is awaiting expert review. If you would like to help with this, please see more information about expert reviewing.


WikiClinicalWikiClinical Banner.png
CARDIOLOGY
()Map CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS (Map)



Category:WikiClinical CanineCow
Category:WikiClinical FelineCow

Hypertension, Systemic

Pulmonary Hypertension

Thrombosis

Thromboembolism

Sarcoma embolus (dog). Courtesy of T. Scase

Description

  • As the name implies, a thromboembolism is a clot (thrombus) or foreign body that blocks vessels a distance away from its original site of origin.
  • The most significant sites of thromboembolic formation are the following: lungs, CNS, terminal aorta, kidneys.


Requirements for thromboembolism formation:

1. Disruption of endothelial integrity

2. Disruption of flow

3. Disruption of blood haemostasis

4. Disruption of fibrinolysis


The incidence of thromboembolism greatly increases with certain diseases including:

-Heart Disease

-Neoplasia

-Blood Disorders

-Parasitic Diseases

-Hyperadrenocorticism


Diagnosis

History & Clinical Signs

5 P's:

-Pain

-Paresis

-Pallor

-Pulselessness

-Polar (cold extremities)


Long Term Effects:

-Necrosis


Specific Problems:

  • Signs are dependant on site of thromboembolism

-Neurological problems (acute)

-Renal Failure (acute)

-Dyspnoea (acute)


Laboratory Findings

  • Heavily dependent on thromboembolic site


-Hyperkalemia

-Acidosis

-Increased Lactate

-Azotemia

-Elevated serum creatine phospohokinase


Radiography, Echocardiography, Angiography

-Clots may be seen by the above methods

Treatment

-Treat underlying conditions

-Pain Relief (e.g. morphine)

-Support with IV fluids

-Anticoagulants:

1. Heparin

2. Aspirin


Prognosis

-Grave

Arteriovenous Fistula

Description

  • As the name implies, an arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein. This connection causes the capillary circulation to be completely ignored. We will concentrate on peripheral fistulas here.


The consequences of an arteriovenous fistula are the following:

1. Increased blood return to the right heart raises cardiac output

2. Decreased blood perfusion at the affected site

3. Venous hypertension


  • Predisposing causes of arteriovenous fistula formations are: trauma, surgery, neoplasia, etc.


Diagnosis

History & Clinical Signs

  • Signs depend on where the AV fistula has formed.

-Subcutaneous edema

-Warm Swelling

-Inflammation

-Pain +/-

-Palpable vibration (thrill) over fistula

-Increased pulse & heart rate

-Audible continuous murmur over the fistula site

-Branham sign (decreased heart rate with surgical occlusion of blood flow to fistula)


Angiography

-Abnormal direct connection between an artery and a vein


Ultrasonography

-Abnormal flow visualized


Treatment

-Surgical ligation of abnormal vessels to and from the fistula area

-(+/-) Amputation


Prognosis

-Good with complete ligation and cessation of blood flow through the fistula

-Poor if surgical ligation is unsuccessful at stopping blood flow through the fistula


Vasculitis

Description

  • Vasculitis is an inflammatory disease of the vessels.
  • Causes of vessel inflammation are due to the following: neoplasia, infection, toxins, drug reactions, trauma, drug reactions, hypersensativity reactions etc.


Diagnosis

History & Clinical Signs

-Heat

-Edema

-Pain

-Petechiation

-Thrombosis

-Hemolysis

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