Gasterophilus spp.

Horse Bot Fly - Dennis Ray - Wikimedia Commons

Introduction

The species Gasterophilus, is more commonly referred to as the 'Bot fly.' It is an obligate parasite found on horses, donkeys, mules, zebras and elephants.

Infection is particularly common in horses, with around 30-60% infected during the winter months.

Within the United Kingdom there are three species of veterinary importance; G. intestinalis which is the most common, and G. nasalis, and G. haemorrhoidalis which are rare.

G. nigricornis and G. inermis are also of veterinary significance, but not currently within the UK.

Scientific Classification

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Diptera
Family	Oestridae
Genus	Gasterophilus

Gasterophilus larvae (Copyright Lamiot, Wikimedia Commons)

Identification

Gasterophilus are medium to large flies at 10-20mm long, and are thought to look similar to drone bumble bees.

They have clear wings with brown patches, and produce creamy-white eggs, around 1-2mm in length

Adults have non-functional mouthparts so cannot feed.

Both G. haemorrhoidalis and G. nasalis have spikes on the ventral surface of the larval segments arranged in two rows. G. intestinalis have mouth parts that are not uniformly curved dorsally and the body spikes present have blunt ended tips.

Life Cycle

L1 are extremely small and motile, and begin development in the mouth, tongue and gums of the host. The development of L1 into L2 occurs on the pharynx. L2 then attaches to the base of the tongue and slowly migrates to the stomach.

L3 attaches to the squamous gastric mucosa along the margo plicatus, in the case of G. intestinalis. G. nasalis attaches to the dorsoproximal part of the duodenum, and G. haemorrhoidalis attaches to the gastric epithelium within the stomach.

The larvae then remain and develop within the stomach for around 10-12 months. They mature in the following spring or early summer (generally between May and September), detach from their surface and are passed out in the host faeces. G. haemorrhoidalis also attaches to the rectal mucosa before being passed out.

Gasterophilus (Copyright Notafly, Wikimedia Commons)

The larvae then penetrate the soil, where they transform into pupae and the flies hatch 30 to 40 days later.

Eggs are laid on the body of the host and either hatch spontaneously or are stimulated to hatch through an increase in warmth and moisture from the animal self-grooming. They are laid in different areas according to species; G. intestinalis eggs are laid in the hair of the shoulders and fore legs. G. nasalis eggs are laid in the intermandibular area. G. haemorrhoidalis eggs are laid around the lips

They are only found on pasture, as they do not survive well on stable bedding. The pupae are known to be sensitive to frost, moisture and flooding, so the environmental conditions present play a significant role in the success of the parasite.